{
  "contract": "aesthetary.record/1.0",
  "record_spec": "1.1.0",
  "semantics": {
    "vocabulary": "aesthetary.public-evidence/1.0",
    "definitions": "vocabulary.json"
  },
  "slug": "pulp",
  "name": "Pulp",
  "identity": {
    "definition": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "Pulp magazines were inexpensive all-fiction magazines named for the cheap wood-pulp paper their pages were printed on, sold by painted cover art reproduced in colour on coated stock. The angled banners and breathless display lines Aesthetary teaches from them are Aesthetary's reading, not the magazines' documented practice."
    },
    "scope": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "The visual register of pulp magazines (1896–1957): hand-made cover art on slick stock, black-ink interiors on cheap paper, as Aesthetary's reading; angled banners are our translation, not the covers' history.",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "mid-century paperback",
      "dime novel",
      "lurid"
    ],
    "layer_verdict": {
      "state": "ruled",
      "value": "belongs_at_another_layer",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    }
  },
  "native_medium": {
    "state": "resolved",
    "value": [
      "print"
    ],
    "evidence": {
      "quote": "paperback",
      "field": "register_context[kind=medium]"
    },
    "ruling": "AM2-2 (2026-09-27)"
  },
  "research": {
    "line": "partly_sourced",
    "text": "Partly sourced",
    "sentence": "11 sources attached."
  },
  "areas": [
    {
      "area": "layout",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "typography",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "color",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "imagery",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "surface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "interface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motion",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motif",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "technique",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "form",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "density",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "layout-3",
      "text": "Composition: angled banners over a single image.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "typography-4",
      "text": "CURATORIAL from material: heavy condensed display, squeezed to fit, mixed with a plainer secondary. Not claimed.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hierarchy-13",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: rank by banner angle and display scale — the most tilted, largest promise leads regardless of truth.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-2",
      "text": "No clean registration.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-3",
      "text": "No tasteful duotone.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-4",
      "text": "No generous margins.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-5",
      "text": "No restraint in the display line.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-8",
      "text": "Not open: clean printing..",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-negation",
      "text": "Refuses subtlety, restraint, and any production value the format cannot pay for.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-cost",
      "text": "Costs accepted: Reproduction quality; Literary credibility; Colour range",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-audience",
      "text": "Audience: A browser at a rack who will buy on promise rather than on reputation.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-era",
      "text": "Era: mid-century",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-mood",
      "text": "Mood: dramatic, nostalgic",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8.motif",
      "text": "Motif: banner",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motif",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-reason",
      "text": "A cover does not move.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "declared-freedom",
      "text": "Declared freedom: how far the display overruns.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pu-r1.surface",
      "text": "pulpwood paper from 1896, colour covers on stiffer coated stock from about 1905",
      "role": "history",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "none",
        "text": "No source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-1",
      "text": "Interior pages were printed on cheap, coarse wood-pulp paper, from which the format takes its name.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "interiors"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-2",
      "text": "Covers were a different, better surface: colour-printed on coated (slick) stock, not on the pulp paper of the text.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1",
          "kcc-pulp-S2",
          "kcc-pulp-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "covers"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-3",
      "text": "Most pulps were left untrimmed, with ragged edges.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S2",
          "kcc-pulp-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-4",
      "text": "The yellowed, fragile look of surviving copies is an effect of age, not the surface as published; 'aged paper' describes the collector's object, not the newsstand one.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-1",
      "text": "On the Donenfeld/Armer titles one letterer examined, logos were drawn per magazine and varied widely: bouncing block letters, Art Nouveau, fluid upper- and lower-case serif lettering.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "observed",
      "support": {
        "state": "observed_instances",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S9"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "seen",
        "text": "Seen in the work"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Donenfeld/Armer group titles, c.1929-1938, as observed by one professional letterer"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-2",
      "text": "Secondary cover type on those titles was set in a stock display face, Cooper Black, rather than drawn.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "observed",
      "support": {
        "state": "observed_instances",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S9"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "seen",
        "text": "Seen in the work"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Donenfeld/Armer group titles, early 1930s"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-1",
      "text": "The standard pulp was a thick, roughly 7 x 10 inch magazine about half an inch deep with untrimmed edges.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "standard format; later 'large pulp' titles ran about 11 x 8 inches (S4)"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-2",
      "text": "Construction: stapled signatures with a separately printed four-colour wraparound cover, mostly on lightweight coated stock, glued on; the cover was slightly larger than the text block and overhung it, so its edges creased and tore.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S2"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-3",
      "text": "Some publishers later moved to a larger flat format to match slick magazines on the stands.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S4"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-1",
      "text": "Cover images were original paintings in oil, gouache or pastel, reproduced in colour; the oil originals often measured over two feet high, much larger than the printed cover.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S6",
          "kcc-pulp-S8",
          "kcc-pulp-S10"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "covers"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-2",
      "text": "Interior illustration was black line work adapted to absorbent paper, with shading limited to coarse crosshatching or stippling.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "interiors"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-1",
      "text": "Covers were painted narrative scenes of dramatic, often lurid action meant to be read at a glance on the newsstand.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S5",
          "kcc-pulp-S7",
          "kcc-pulp-S8"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "covers"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:revision-pu-r1",
      "text": "Production economics shaped the interiors, not the covers: interior drawings were printed in black ink on the cream pulp paper of the text and had to avoid blotting on its coarse texture, while covers were printed in colour on coated stock.",
      "role": "history",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1",
          "kcc-pulp-S2"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:definition",
      "text": "Pulp magazines were inexpensive all-fiction magazines named for the cheap wood-pulp paper their pages were printed on, sold by painted cover art reproduced in colour on coated stock. The angled banners and breathless display lines Aesthetary teaches from them are Aesthetary's reading, not the magazines' documented practice.",
      "role": "definition",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pulp-S1",
          "kcc-pulp-S12",
          "kcc-pulp-S5",
          "kcc-pulp-S6"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:intent",
      "text": "The cover must sell a cheap magazine from a crowded rack at a glance, so the money goes there: a painted scene of lurid action, printed in full colour on coated stock. Inside, the budget is one black ink on coarse pulp paper, and every drawing works within that.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:imagery-1",
        "kcc:technique-1",
        "kcc:surface-1",
        "kcc:surface-2",
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt",
      "text": "A painted narrative scene of dramatic action, reproduced in full colour on a glossy cover that is glued around a thick, untrimmed block of coarse pulp paper, where the drawings are black line shaded with crosshatching or stippling. The diagnostic condition is the split between the two surfaces: colour and paint are spent on the cover that sells the story, and the pages inside get one ink on the cheapest paper. Travel Poster sells a place; this sells a story. Circus fills a sheet with a programme of acts; this concentrates on a single lurid scene.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:imagery-1",
        "kcc:technique-1",
        "kcc:technique-2",
        "kcc:surface-1",
        "kcc:surface-2",
        "kcc:surface-3",
        "kcc:form-2",
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:v1-distinguishing",
      "text": "A painted full-colour cover over black-ink pages on cheap paper: the budget spent where it sells",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1",
        "kcc:surface-2",
        "kcc:technique-1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:color-5",
      "text": "Colour belongs to the cover: a painted scene reproduced in full colour on coated stock. The pages inside carry black ink on cream pulp paper, and the constraint should read there, not on the cover.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "color",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:technique-1",
        "kcc:surface-2",
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-1",
      "text": "No photograph where the cover needs a painted scene.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:technique-1",
        "kcc:imagery-1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-7",
      "text": "Not open: colour on the interior pages.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1",
        "kcc:technique-2"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:v1-cross-library",
      "text": "Cross-library: Imagery: painted narrative cover scene · Color: full-colour cover over black-ink pages",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:imagery-1",
        "kcc:technique-1",
        "kcc:surface-2",
        "kcc:revision-pu-r1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-6",
      "text": "Against Travel Poster: story versus place; press limitation versus lithographic control. Against Western: Western is a subject and a period; this is a production economics register that often carries that subject. Anti-signature: clean registration and a chosen palette make it Travel Poster.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt-boundary",
      "text": "Against Travel Poster: story versus place; press limitation versus lithographic control. Against Western: Western is a subject and a period; this is a production economics register that often carries that subject. Anti-signature: clean registration and a chosen palette make it Travel Poster.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "web_translations": [],
  "standard_practice": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Pulp magazine",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S10",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Margaret Brundage",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brundage",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S12",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "The Pulp Magazines Project (homepage)",
      "url": "https://www.pulpmags.org/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "So What Is Pulp?: A Brief Material History of American Pulp Magazines",
      "url": "https://www.pulpmags.org/contexts/essays/what-is-pulp-anyway.html",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S3",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "From Standard Magazines to Pulps and Big Slicks (reprint of Science Fiction Studies 22:1, 1995)",
      "url": "https://www.pulpmags.org/contexts/essays/pulps-and-big-slicks.html",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S4",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "The Golden Age of Pulp Fiction (revised from Rare Book Review 32:4, 2005)",
      "url": "https://www.pulpmags.org/contexts/essays/golden-age-of-pulps.html",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S5",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Guys and Molls",
      "url": "https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/guys-and-molls-86688117/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S6",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "WONDER STORIES: Masterworks of Pulp Art Illustration",
      "url": "https://www.nbmaa.org/exhibitions/pulp-art",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S7",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Exhibition Tour: American Pulp Art",
      "url": "https://nbmaa.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/exhibition-tour-american-pulp-art/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S8",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Inside Pulp Magazines: Detective Mysteries, Weird Tales, and Fantastic Adventures",
      "url": "https://www.illustrationhistory.org/essays/inside-pulp-magazines-detective-mysteries-weird-tales-and-fantastic-adventu",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pulp-S9",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "SCHNAPP, DONENFELD and the PULPS Part 1",
      "url": "https://kleinletters.com/Blog/schnapp-donenfeld-and-the-pulps-part-1/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    }
  ],
  "relations": [
    {
      "slug": "travel-poster",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "western",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mexican-graphic-vernacular",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "circus",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    }
  ],
  "open": [
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Do angled banners or diagonal cover-line strips occur on pulp covers, and how often?"
    },
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Is there a typographic signature across houses?"
    }
  ],
  "aesthetary_build": {
    "note": "Values Aesthetary built with. Not claims about the Aesthetic.",
    "measured": {
      "note": "Read from the page's own stylesheet at build time. Values Aesthetary built with, not claims about the Aesthetic.",
      "slug": "pulp",
      "stylesheet": "pulp.css",
      "bytes": 12987,
      "colours": [
        "#E8D6A8",
        "#1D2340",
        "#D2382B",
        "#9E2418",
        "#CDB98A"
      ],
      "radii": [
        "50%"
      ],
      "fontSizes": [
        "14px",
        "15px",
        "16px",
        "17px"
      ],
      "faces": [
        "Anton PL",
        "Libre Franklin PL"
      ],
      "tokens": [
        {
          "name": "--pl-paper",
          "value": "#E8D6A8"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-blue",
          "value": "#1D2340"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-red",
          "value": "#D2382B"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-redtx",
          "value": "#9E2418"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-rack",
          "value": "#CDB98A"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-display",
          "value": "\"Anton PL\", Impact, \"Arial Narrow\", sans-serif"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pl-text",
          "value": "\"Libre Franklin PL\", \"Franklin Gothic Medium\", Arial, sans-serif"
        }
      ],
      "animates": false,
      "absent": [
        "no text-shadow anywhere",
        "nothing animates"
      ]
    },
    "design_grammar": {
      "note": "Aesthetary's translation of this record into web primitives. Every value carries a basis: \"record\" is a rule the record holds (cites names it), \"translation\" is our choice derived from the cited rules (because says how), \"not_recorded\" means the record is silent (guidance says what to do). A \"record\" value restates a claim the record holds; its standing is that claim's own kind in the record (a requirement, period practice, modern practice, or our interpretation), which the cited rule states. \"record\" does not by itself make a value a property of the language.",
      "slug": "pulp",
      "version": "2026-09-29",
      "summary": "A starting grammar for a website in Pulp: colour and paint spent on the cover, one ink on cheap stock inside, heavy condensed display and angled banners ranking the promises.",
      "color": {
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "stock",
            "value": "#E8D6A8",
            "use": "The ground: cream pulp paper, as the interiors were printed.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:revision-pu-r1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "ink",
            "value": "#1D2340",
            "contrast": "10.7:1",
            "use": "Text, rules, line drawing: the one working ink.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "claim:kcc:technique-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "red",
            "value": "#D2382B",
            "contrast": "3.4:1",
            "use": "Banners and the second type plate; 24px display and up only.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "red-text",
            "value": "#9E2418",
            "contrast": "5.4:1",
            "use": "The red wherever it is small text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "alternates": [],
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Spend colour on the cover image: a painted scene in full colour. Keep the pages inside to black ink on cream pulp paper.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Use one red for banners beside the working ink.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ],
            "because": "The angled banner is the record's composition; a banner needs a colour the ink is not. Which red is ours."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify a cover palette.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Painted covers were reproduced in full colour; do not reduce the scene to two spot inks and call it period.",
            "silence": "source"
          },
          {
            "rule": "Aged, yellowed paper is not the published surface.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:surface-4"
            ],
            "guidance": "Do not add foxing or stains; the aged look is the collector's copy.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "typography": {
        "family": {
          "stack": "\"Anton PL\", Impact, \"Arial Narrow\", sans-serif",
          "class": "heavy condensed display (the record's curatorial reading), with Libre Franklin for text"
        },
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "display",
            "size": "clamp(2.25rem, 6vw, 4rem)",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "0.95",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Titles and banners, squeezed to fit."
          },
          {
            "role": "banner",
            "size": "1.5rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1.15",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Promises set on the angled banner."
          },
          {
            "role": "text",
            "size": "1.125rem",
            "weight": 500,
            "lineHeight": "1.55",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": "68ch",
            "use": "Everything read at length, in Libre Franklin."
          }
        ],
        "tokens": {
          "font-text": "\"Libre Franklin PL\", \"Franklin Gothic Medium\", Arial, sans-serif"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Set display heavy and condensed, squeezed to fit, beside a plainer secondary face.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:typography-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Use Anton for display and Libre Franklin for text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:typography-4"
            ],
            "because": "The room's own faces: a heavy condensed display and a plain secondary, as the type reading asks."
          },
          {
            "rule": "One period face is observed, not a system.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-2",
              "claim:kcc:typography-1"
            ],
            "guidance": "Cooper Black set the secondary lines on one publisher group's covers, and logos were drawn per title; neither is a rule for every page.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "gridLayout": {
        "summary": "A cover, not a grid: one painted image under angled banners, then the pages inside in single, ruled columns.",
        "tokens": {
          "measure": "68ch",
          "banner-tilt": "-4deg"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Compose the lead as angled banners over a single image.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Rank by banner angle and display scale: the most tilted, largest promise leads.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify a column system.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Set the inside in one ruled column; say so if you add a grid.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "shapeGeometry": {
        "tokens": {
          "radius": "0",
          "rule": "2px solid #1D2340",
          "section-rule": "6px double #1D2340",
          "edge": "untrimmed"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Divide sections with double rules in the ink; square corners throughout.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-2",
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ],
            "because": "The inside is one ink; rules are the only ornament it can afford."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Let edges that stand for the magazine run ragged.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:surface-3"
            ],
            "because": "Most pulps were left untrimmed, with ragged edges."
          }
        ]
      },
      "imagery": {
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "On the cover, use a painted narrative scene of dramatic, often lurid action, read at a glance.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:imagery-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Treat cover images as paintings reproduced in colour, not photographs.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Inside, draw in black line, shaded only with coarse crosshatching or stippling.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Build interior shading as CSS or SVG hatching that scales.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-2"
            ],
            "because": "Coarse hatching and stippling in one ink; a pattern that scales keeps it coarse at any zoom."
          }
        ]
      },
      "components": {
        "button": {
          "name": "Button",
          "becomes": "A blue-black plate with the red plate landing a few pixels off, the way the cover prints its type.",
          "anatomy": [
            "blue-black field",
            "label in the condensed display face, capitals",
            "red offset impression behind (6px, 5px)"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "background": "#1D2340",
            "color": "#E8D6A8",
            "offset": "6px 5px 0 #D2382B",
            "radius": "0"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Blue plate, red impression offset down and right.",
            "hover": "The red closes to 3px 2px: nearer register.",
            "focus": "3px blue-black outline, 6px outside the plate.",
            "active": "The red sits under the plate: in register for the moment of the press.",
            "disabled": "Stock field, dashed blue-black edge, no red plate."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "Label on the blue-black plate at 10.7:1.",
            "The red offset is decoration; nothing is read from it.",
            "At least 44px tall."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Print the button as two plates slightly out of register.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:typography-4",
                "claim:dcc:color-5"
              ],
              "because": "The record's type reading pairs a heavy display with the press; the offset is the page's declared register, not a documented pulp practice."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Set the label in the heavy condensed display face.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:typography-4"
              ],
              "because": "Heavy condensed display, squeezed to fit, is the record's curatorial type reading."
            }
          ]
        },
        "card": {
          "name": "Card",
          "becomes": "A magazine on the rack: a painted scene in colour on top, the title in heavy display, the lower edge left untrimmed.",
          "anatomy": [
            "full-colour image area (a painting, not a photograph)",
            "title in the display face",
            "one line of plain text",
            "ragged lower edge"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "3px solid #1D2340",
            "edge": "ragged (clip-path)",
            "ground": "#E8D6A8"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Blue-black frame, painted image, ragged foot.",
            "hover": "The title's red impression shifts: the misregistration widens.",
            "focus": "3px outline outside the frame."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "The whole card is one link.",
            "The image has a text alternative that names the scene."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Lead with a painted narrative scene of dramatic action, readable at a glance.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:imagery-1"
              ],
              "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Leave the card's lower edge ragged.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:surface-3"
              ],
              "because": "Most pulps were left untrimmed, with ragged edges; the card is the magazine."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Put colour in the card's image and keep the rest in one ink on stock.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:dcc:color-5"
              ],
              "because": "Colour belongs to the cover; the pages inside carry black ink."
            }
          ]
        },
        "input": {
          "name": "Input",
          "becomes": "A ruled box on the interior stock, in one ink, its label above in the plain text face.",
          "anatomy": [
            "2px blue-black rule",
            "stock field",
            "label above in the text face",
            "error as a line of heavy red text below"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "2px solid #1D2340",
            "background": "#E8D6A8",
            "radius": "0",
            "height": "2.75rem"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "2px blue-black rule.",
            "focus": "4px rule and an outline.",
            "error": "Message in the heavy red (5.4:1), beginning \"Error:\".",
            "disabled": "Dashed rule."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "The label is real text above the field.",
            "Error text is words, not colour alone."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Rule the field in one ink on the interior stock.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:revision-pu-r1",
                "claim:dcc:color-5"
              ],
              "because": "The pages inside are black ink on cream pulp paper; a form is an interior thing."
            },
            {
              "rule": "The sources do not specify pulp forms or coupons.",
              "basis": "not_recorded",
              "cites": [],
              "guidance": "Do not dress the field as a period coupon; keep it a plain ruled box.",
              "silence": "source"
            }
          ]
        },
        "navigation": {
          "name": "Navigation",
          "becomes": "The cover strip: a blue-black band with the sections in heavy display capitals, the current one on a red banner.",
          "anatomy": [
            "blue-black band",
            "links in the display face, capitals",
            "current page on a red banner, tilted"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "background": "#1D2340",
            "color": "#E8D6A8",
            "current": "#D2382B",
            "tilt": "-2deg"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Stock-coloured capitals on the band.",
            "hover": "Underline, 2px.",
            "focus": "3px stock-coloured outline.",
            "current": "Red banner behind the label, tilted -2deg."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "aria-current on the current page.",
            "Labels at 10.7:1 on the band; the red banner carries 24px display type only."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Mark the current page with an angled red banner.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:hierarchy-13",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "The record ranks by banner angle and display scale; the current page is the promise that leads."
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "motion": {
        "spec": null,
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Do not animate. State changes are instant shifts of the red plate.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:motion-reason"
            ],
            "because": "A cover does not move; the record gives motion no place."
          }
        ]
      },
      "dimensions": [
        {
          "key": "surfaces",
          "label": "Two surfaces",
          "summary": "The magazine is two papers: a coated cover printed in colour and glued around a block of cheap, untrimmed pulp. Keep them apart.",
          "tokens": {
            "cover-ground": "#1B2150",
            "interior-ground": "#E8D6A8"
          },
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Print the cover on a better surface than the text: colour on coated stock.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:surface-2"
              ]
            },
            {
              "rule": "Print the pages inside on cheap, coarse pulp paper.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:surface-1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "rule": "Give the cover area its own ground and keep the reading pages on the cream stock.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:surface-2",
                "claim:kcc:revision-pu-r1"
              ],
              "because": "Covers and interiors were different surfaces, with colour only on the cover."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "notRecorded": [
        {
          "category": "color",
          "what": "A cover palette, and which red",
          "why": "Covers were full-colour paintings; the sources specify no palette. The red is ours."
        },
        {
          "category": "typography",
          "what": "A typeface for all pulps",
          "why": "Logos were drawn per title; one publisher group used Cooper Black for secondary lines. Observed, not a rule."
        },
        {
          "category": "gridLayout",
          "what": "A column system",
          "why": "The record holds a cover composition, not a grid."
        },
        {
          "category": "components",
          "what": "Interface conventions",
          "why": "The research record does not establish them. The four components are contemporary translations of documented rules."
        },
        {
          "category": "motion",
          "what": "Any position on screen motion",
          "why": "A cover does not move. Choosing none is this grammar's translation."
        }
      ],
      "silence": {
        "color": "source",
        "typography": "source",
        "gridLayout": "source",
        "shapeGeometry": "source",
        "imagery": "source",
        "components": "source",
        "motion": "source"
      },
      "uiNote": "The sources do not specify interface conventions for Pulp. These four are contemporary translations of its visual rules."
    }
  }
}