{
  "contract": "aesthetary.record/1.0",
  "record_spec": "1.1.0",
  "semantics": {
    "vocabulary": "aesthetary.public-evidence/1.0",
    "definitions": "vocabulary.json"
  },
  "slug": "pop-art",
  "name": "Pop Art",
  "identity": {
    "definition": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "Ben-Day dots, thick black outlines, primary colours, speech-bubble devices"
    },
    "scope": {
      "state": "none"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "Ben-Day"
    ],
    "layer_verdict": {
      "state": "ruled",
      "value": "coherent_visual_language",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    }
  },
  "native_medium": {
    "state": "owed",
    "owed": "judgment",
    "why": "A judgment on the material the record already holds is still owed."
  },
  "research": {
    "line": "partly_sourced",
    "text": "Partly sourced",
    "sentence": "15 sources attached. 2 claims graded by our research brief, no source attached."
  },
  "areas": [
    {
      "area": "layout",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "typography",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "color",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "imagery",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "surface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "interface",
      "state": "owed",
      "owed": "research",
      "why": "No source has been examined for this yet."
    },
    {
      "area": "motion",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motif",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "technique",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "form",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "density",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "layout-3",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: panel-derived, with a single enlarged subject per field and captions in borrowed comic devices. Reasoned from the signature's comic sources. Not a claim.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hierarchy-13",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: rank by outline weight and dot scale — the most heavily outlined, largest-dotted element leads.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "color-5",
      "text": "Colour: primaries, flat.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "color",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "imagery-7",
      "text": "Imagery: halftone dots, mass-culture source.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8",
      "text": "The Ben-Day dot must be countable — large enough to read as individual dots, not as a texture. A fine halftone screen is ordinary printing; the enlargement is the argument. The most specific implementable instruction here.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pa-r1",
      "text": "The machinery of mass printing is the subject at magnified scale: the halftone dot is enlarged until countable, not used to reproduce a tone. A halftone at working size is reproduction; a halftone as subject is this.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motif",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "graded_unlinked",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "graded",
        "mark": "none",
        "text": "Graded by our research brief · No source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pa-r2",
      "text": "The term was a critic's, not the artists'. Lawrence Alloway of the Independent Group (ICA, London) coined it in the 1950s-60s, and the movement began as British discussion of AMERICAN consumer culture before the American painters it is now identified with.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "graded_unlinked",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "graded",
        "mark": "none",
        "text": "Graded by our research brief · No source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent",
      "text": "Commercial reproduction is the subject, not the medium. Enlarging the machinery of mass printing — the dot, the outline, the flat primary — until it is impossible to overlook makes an argument about what images are made of and what they are worth.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-1",
      "text": "No tonal modelling or gradient.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-2",
      "text": "No fine halftone screen.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-3",
      "text": "No visible brushwork or authorial hand.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-4",
      "text": "No muted or secondary palette.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-5",
      "text": "No thin or varied outline weight.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-7",
      "text": "Not open: shrinking the dot below countable.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-8",
      "text": "Not open: softening the outline..",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-negation",
      "text": "Refuses the hand of the artist, tonal modelling, and the distinction between fine art and advertising.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-cost",
      "text": "Costs accepted: Originality as a value; Subtlety; Emotional range",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-audience",
      "text": "Audience: A viewer who recognises the printing technique being quoted and reads the quotation as the point.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-distinguishing",
      "text": "Mass-culture imagery flattened; commercial by intent",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-era",
      "text": "Era: mid-century",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-mood",
      "text": "Mood: playful, dramatic",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-cross-library",
      "text": "Cross-library: Imagery: halftone dots · Color: primary",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "freedom-layout",
      "text": "Declared freedom: composition.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "freedom-typography",
      "text": "Declared freedom: typography.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-3.surface",
      "text": "No visible brushwork",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:layout-1",
      "text": "In Whaam! Lichtenstein used two panels, echoing the self-contained comic-strip unit, with a clear line dividing the attacking plane from the explosion, and enlarged the aeroplane and the burst of flames to fill more of their canvases.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S7",
          "kcc-pop-art-S3",
          "kcc-pop-art-S4"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lichtenstein comic paintings, 1961-1965"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-1",
      "text": "Lichtenstein found Magna gave flat, uniform colour akin to the commercial graphics he mimicked, and the smooth, matte, commercial look he liked.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S5",
          "kcc-pop-art-S6"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lichtenstein"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-1",
      "text": "Lichtenstein's Ben-Day dots evoke a printing process rather than being printed: dots were oil paint rolled or dabbed through a stencil (a handmade metal screen in Whaam!), often by an assistant, and Whaam! was drawn in pencil on canvas and painted in oil and Magna.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S2",
          "kcc-pop-art-S6",
          "kcc-pop-art-S3",
          "kcc-pop-art-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lichtenstein, from 1961-62"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-2",
      "text": "Warhol turned to photographic silkscreen in 1962, combining hand-painted backgrounds with screen-printed photographic images.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S8",
          "kcc-pop-art-S9"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Warhol"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-1",
      "text": "Lichtenstein carried comic lettering into paintings: in Whaam! the sound word is integrated with the image, and he changed the source text, painting letters marked white in yellow.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S3",
          "kcc-pop-art-S4",
          "kcc-pop-art-S7"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lichtenstein comic paintings"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-1",
      "text": "Pop sculpture replicated ordinary objects at larger scale: monumental replicas in pliable fabric stuffed for flaccidity (Whitney), and Warhol's re-creation of Brillo packaging at increased scale and in multiples.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S11",
          "kcc-pop-art-S12"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "sculpture strand, 1962-1964; outside the Ben-Day/comic register the record teaches"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:motion-1",
      "text": "Lichtenstein's Three Landscapes (1970-71) are one-minute film loops collaging footage of the sea or a fish tank with still images of the sky, a rocking black horizon line, and his Ben-Day dots.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S13",
          "kcc-pop-art-S14"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "1970-71, just after the 1960s scope"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:motion-2",
      "text": "In the static paintings, dot patterns are read as suggesting movement.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Whaam!"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-context-1",
      "text": "The term 'pop art' originated in Britain, in the Independent Group at the ICA in London.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S1",
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-context-2",
      "text": "The British critic Lawrence Alloway, a leading Independent Group member, is credited with coining the term, to name the group's enthusiasm for mass-produced, American things.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S1",
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S2"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-context-3",
      "text": "The Independent Group treated commercial culture as a subject to be consumed and discussed, not despised.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Alloway, quoted by Tate"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-boundary-1",
      "text": "vs American Pop Art: The term is British. Critic Lawrence Alloway, spokesman of the Independent Group (artists, architects and intellectuals at London's ICA), is credited with coining it for the group's enthusiasm for all things mass-produced and American. Aesthetary's reading: the record's 1960s, Lichtenstein-led definition describes the later American practice that took the name.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S1",
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S2",
          "kcc-pop-art-W2S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt",
      "text": "Ben-Day dots enlarged until individually countable, thick uniform black outlines around every shape, flat unmodulated primaries, and speech-bubble or caption devices borrowed from commercial comics. The diagnostic condition is reproduction quoted at scale: the halftone dot is magnified into the subject rather than used to reproduce a tone, which is what separates quotation from mere halftone printing. Memphis shares flat bright colour but assembles unrelated shapes with no source being quoted. Sticker-bomb layers found graphics without the outline-and-dot grammar.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt-boundary",
      "text": "Against Memphis: quotation versus arbitrariness. Memphis's shapes come from nowhere; these come from commercial print and the source matters. Against Sticker-bomb: layered found graphics versus outline-and-dot grammar. Anti-signature: shrink the dots to a working halftone and it becomes ordinary print reproduction — or Pulp, which uses halftone sincerely under budget.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-6",
      "text": "Against Memphis: quotation versus arbitrariness. Memphis's shapes come from nowhere; these come from commercial print and the source matters. Against Sticker-bomb: layered found graphics versus outline-and-dot grammar. Anti-signature: shrink the dots to a working halftone and it becomes ordinary print reproduction — or Pulp, which uses halftone sincerely under budget.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "web_translations": [],
  "standard_practice": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S11",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Claes Oldenburg, Giant BLT (Bacon, Lettuce, and Tomato Sandwich), 1963",
      "url": "https://whitney.org/collection/works/17199",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S12",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes",
      "url": "https://allenartcollection.oberlin.edu/objects/2789/brillo-boxes",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S13",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Three Landscapes, 1970-71 (RLCR 1922)",
      "url": "https://www.lichtensteincatalogue.org/catalogue/entry.php?id=6035",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S14",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Roy Lichtenstein, Three Landscapes, 1970",
      "url": "https://collections.lacma.org/object/280363",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Ben Day process",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Day_dots",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S3",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "WOW! (Tate Etc. issue 27)",
      "url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-27-spring-2013/wow",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S4",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Roy Lichtenstein, Drawing for 'Whaam!' 1963: catalogue entry (archived)",
      "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122747/www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lichtenstein-drawing-for-whaam-t01131/text-catalogue-entry",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S5",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "From Op Art to Pop Art (NANORESTART conservation project)",
      "url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/about-us/projects/nanorestart/op-art-pop-art",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S6",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Art Scene Investigation: What's in the Dots?",
      "url": "https://www.artic.edu/articles/312/art-scene-investigation-whats-in-the-dots",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S7",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "From a Cartoon to a Pop Art Classic",
      "url": "https://www.nga.gov/blog/cartoon-pop-art.html",
      "status": "unresolved",
      "retrieval": "not_retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S8",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Lesson 4: Underpainting and Photographic Silkscreen Printing",
      "url": "https://www.warhol.org/lessons/silkscreen-printing/underpainting-and-photographic-silkscreen-printing/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-S9",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "The Assembly-Line Effect: Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans",
      "url": "https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/933",
      "status": "unresolved",
      "retrieval": "not_retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-W2S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Pop Since 1949 (introduction to Alloway's 1962 essay)",
      "url": "https://www.artforum.com/columns/pop-since-1949-169708/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-W2S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Lawrence Alloway: Critic and Curator",
      "url": "https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/lawrence-alloway-critic-and-curator/index.html",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-pop-art-W2S3",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Independent Group (Art Term)",
      "url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/independent-group",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    }
  ],
  "relations": [
    {
      "slug": "memphis",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "sticker-bomb",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "manga",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "pop-art",
      "kind": "visual_language_of",
      "status": "confirmed"
    }
  ],
  "open": [],
  "aesthetary_build": {
    "note": "Values Aesthetary built with. Not claims about the Aesthetic.",
    "measured": {
      "note": "Read from the page's own stylesheet at build time. Values Aesthetary built with, not claims about the Aesthetic.",
      "slug": "pop-art",
      "stylesheet": "pop-art.css",
      "bytes": 16053,
      "colours": [
        "#E4202C",
        "#FFE01B",
        "#0B5FB0",
        "#000000",
        "#FFFFFF",
        "#FFD5CF",
        "#CFE3FF",
        "#F3A712"
      ],
      "radii": [
        "50%"
      ],
      "fontSizes": [
        "13px",
        "15px",
        "16px",
        "20px",
        "21px"
      ],
      "faces": [
        "BangersX",
        "ArchivoNarrowX"
      ],
      "tokens": [
        {
          "name": "--pp-r",
          "value": "#E4202C"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-y",
          "value": "#FFE01B"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-b",
          "value": "#0B5FB0"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-k",
          "value": "#000000"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-w",
          "value": "#FFFFFF"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-pink",
          "value": "#FFD5CF"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-sky",
          "value": "#CFE3FF"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-or",
          "value": "#F3A712"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-ow",
          "value": "5px"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-bang",
          "value": "\"BangersX\", \"Impact\", sans-serif"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-body",
          "value": "\"ArchivoNarrowX\", \"Arial Narrow\", Arial, sans-serif"
        },
        {
          "name": "--pp-ds",
          "value": "4px"
        },
        {
          "name": "--y",
          "value": ":before { border-top-color: var(--pp-y)"
        },
        {
          "name": "--b",
          "value": "focus-visible { outline-color: var(--pp-k) !important"
        }
      ],
      "animates": false,
      "absent": [
        "no box-shadow anywhere",
        "nothing animates"
      ]
    },
    "design_grammar": {
      "note": "Aesthetary's translation of this record into web primitives. Every value carries a basis: \"record\" is a rule the record holds (cites names it), \"translation\" is our choice derived from the cited rules (because says how), \"not_recorded\" means the record is silent (guidance says what to do). A \"record\" value restates a claim the record holds; its standing is that claim's own kind in the record (a requirement, period practice, modern practice, or our interpretation), which the cited rule states. \"record\" does not by itself make a value a property of the language.",
      "slug": "pop-art",
      "version": "2026-09-29",
      "summary": "A starting grammar for a website in Pop Art: comic panels in one heavy black outline, flat primaries, Ben-Day dots enlarged until they can be counted, and comic lettering and balloons borrowed as devices.",
      "color": {
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "ground",
            "value": "#FFFFFF",
            "use": "Panels and gutters.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "ink",
            "value": "#000000",
            "contrast": "21:1",
            "use": "The outline and all text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "red",
            "value": "#E4202C",
            "contrast": "4.6:1 (white on it)",
            "use": "Dots, the burst, active states.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "yellow",
            "value": "#FFE01B",
            "contrast": "15.9:1 (ink on it)",
            "use": "Caption strips, buttons; also the sound word's letters.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5",
              "claim:kcc:typography-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "blue",
            "value": "#0B5FB0",
            "contrast": "6.4:1 (white on it)",
            "use": "Dots and fields.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "alternates": [],
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Primaries, flat.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Flat, uniform, matte colour, as in commercial graphics.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:surface-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No tonal modelling or gradient.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No muted or secondary palette.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-4"
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      "typography": {
        "family": {
          "stack": "\"Bangers\", \"Impact\", sans-serif",
          "class": "comic display capitals (Bangers), with Archivo Narrow for text"
        },
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "display",
            "size": "5rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "0.95",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": "0.02em",
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Headlines and sound words."
          },
          {
            "role": "balloon",
            "size": "1.5rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1.12",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": "0.04em",
            "measure": "22ch",
            "use": "Words in balloons."
          },
          {
            "role": "body",
            "size": "1.125rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1.5",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": "60ch",
            "use": "Running text, in Archivo Narrow."
          },
          {
            "role": "caption",
            "size": "0.8125rem",
            "weight": 700,
            "lineHeight": "1.3",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": "0.06em",
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Caption strips."
          }
        ],
        "tokens": {
          "font-body": "\"Archivo Narrow\", \"Arial Narrow\", Arial, sans-serif"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Carry comic lettering into the image: the sound word is part of the picture, not a label on it.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Bangers for display and balloons, Archivo Narrow for text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-1",
              "claim:freedom-typography"
            ],
            "because": "Hand-lettered comic capitals for the borrowed devices, a narrow sans for reading. The typeface itself is not researched; both are the room's choice."
          }
        ]
      },
      "gridLayout": {
        "summary": "Comic panels: a strip of self-contained units divided by clear lines, one enlarged subject in each.",
        "columns": [
          {
            "width": "all",
            "columns": 6
          }
        ],
        "gutter": "12px",
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Panel-derived, with a single enlarged subject per field.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Echo the self-contained comic-strip unit; divide with a clear line; enlarge the subject to fill more of its field.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:layout-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Lay panels on a six-column grid with white gutters.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3",
              "claim:kcc:layout-1"
            ],
            "because": "A comic page is a grid of panels; six columns let panels of one, two or three units sit together."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify density.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Do not pack panels to fill a quota; one subject per panel is the only rule.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "shapeGeometry": {
        "tokens": {
          "outline": "5px",
          "radius": "0",
          "dot": "12px",
          "dot-pitch": "18px"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Thick uniform black outlines around every shape; no thin or varied outline weight.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The Ben-Day dot must be countable: large enough to read as individual dots, not as a texture.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No fine halftone screen.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Rank by outline weight and dot scale: the most heavily outlined, largest-dotted element leads.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      "imagery": {
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Halftone dots, mass-culture source.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:imagery-7"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The machinery of mass printing is the subject at magnified scale.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:pa-r1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No visible brushwork or authorial hand.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Draw generic comic devices (dots, balloons, bursts); never reproduce or pastiche a specific artwork.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:imagery-7",
              "claim:kcc:technique-1"
            ],
            "because": "The record describes named works; copying one is not using the language."
          }
        ]
      },
      "components": {
        "button": {
          "name": "Button",
          "becomes": "A caption box: flat yellow, the one heavy outline, lettered in comic capitals.",
          "anatomy": [
            "flat primary fill",
            "5px black outline",
            "square corners",
            "label in comic capitals"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "fill": "#FFE01B",
            "label": "#000000",
            "border": "5px solid #000000",
            "radius": "0",
            "shadow": "none"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Yellow field, black capitals.",
            "hover": "Inverts: black field, yellow capitals.",
            "focus": "4px black outline, 3px outside the box.",
            "active": "Red field, white capitals.",
            "disabled": "White field, label struck through."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "Black on yellow is 15.9:1; yellow on black the same.",
            "White on red is 4.6:1, used only at display size.",
            "At least 44px tall."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Draw the button as a caption box: flat fill, one heavy outline.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:layout-3",
                "token_rule:color-5",
                "claim:failure-5"
              ],
              "because": "Captions in borrowed comic devices, flat primaries, one outline weight."
            }
          ]
        },
        "card": {
          "name": "Card",
          "becomes": "A comic panel: one enlarged subject, a yellow caption strip across the top, the same outline.",
          "anatomy": [
            "5px black outline",
            "yellow caption strip",
            "one enlarged subject or statement",
            "optional Ben-Day field behind"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "5px solid #000000",
            "radius": "0",
            "caption": "#FFE01B",
            "dot": "12px at 18px pitch"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Panel in its outline.",
            "hover": "The caption strip turns red, its text white.",
            "focus": "4px black outline outside the panel."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "Text never sits directly on a dot field: it sits in a white or yellow box.",
            "The dot field is decoration."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Panel-derived: a single enlarged subject per field, captions in borrowed comic devices.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Divide panels with a clear line, as the two panels of Whaam! are divided.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:layout-1"
              ],
              "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
            }
          ]
        },
        "input": {
          "name": "Input",
          "becomes": "A white box in the heavy outline with a caption-strip label.",
          "anatomy": [
            "white field",
            "5px black outline",
            "label in a yellow caption strip above"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "5px solid #000000",
            "radius": "0",
            "background": "#FFFFFF"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "White, outlined.",
            "focus": "Background turns yellow; outline stays one weight.",
            "error": "A red caption strip beneath, white text beginning \"Error:\".",
            "disabled": "Label struck through."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "A visible label on every field.",
            "Errors are written, not only coloured."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Keep the field white and give it the one outline weight.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:failure-5",
                "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
              ],
              "because": "Thick uniform outlines around every shape; no thin or varied weight."
            }
          ]
        },
        "navigation": {
          "name": "Navigation",
          "becomes": "A strip of caption boxes; the current page is a speech balloon.",
          "anatomy": [
            "caption boxes in a row",
            "shared 5px outline",
            "current page as a balloon with a tail"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "5px solid #000000",
            "current": "balloon, white, tail down"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Caption boxes.",
            "hover": "Yellow fill.",
            "focus": "4px black outline.",
            "current": "A balloon: it speaks, it is not a link."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "aria-current on the current page.",
            "The balloon shape is decoration; the label is plain text."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Mark the current page with a speech balloon.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:dcc:gestalt",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "Speech-bubble devices are part of the recorded signature; a balloon says \"here\"."
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "motion": {
        "spec": null,
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "In the static works, dot patterns are read as suggesting movement.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:motion-2"
            ],
            "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Let the dots and bursts suggest movement; animate nothing by default.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:motion-2",
              "claim:kcc:motion-1"
            ],
            "because": "Movement is depicted in the paintings; the one moving work (1970-71 film loops) falls outside the 1960s scope."
          }
        ]
      },
      "dimensions": [
        {
          "key": "quotation",
          "label": "Quotation",
          "summary": "Reproduction quoted at scale: the dot enlarged until it is the subject. Shrink it and it is ordinary print.",
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "The halftone dot is enlarged until countable, not used to reproduce a tone.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:pa-r1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "rule": "The dots evoke a printing process rather than being printed: paint through a stencil.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:kcc:technique-1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "rule": "Not open: shrinking the dot below countable.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:failure-7"
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "notRecorded": [
        {
          "category": "components",
          "what": "Interface conventions",
          "why": "The source medium is painting and print. The four components are contemporary translations of its documented rules."
        },
        {
          "category": "typography",
          "what": "A typeface",
          "why": "Comic lettering is documented; which face is not researched."
        },
        {
          "category": "gridLayout",
          "what": "Density",
          "why": "Not specified by the source."
        }
      ],
      "silence": {
        "color": "source",
        "typography": "source",
        "gridLayout": "source",
        "shapeGeometry": "source",
        "imagery": "source",
        "components": "source",
        "motion": "source"
      }
    }
  }
}