{
  "contract": "aesthetary.record/1.0",
  "record_spec": "1.1.0",
  "semantics": {
    "vocabulary": "aesthetary.public-evidence/1.0",
    "definitions": "vocabulary.json"
  },
  "slug": "mod",
  "name": "Mod",
  "identity": {
    "definition": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "Concentric targets, bold stripes, flat colour fields, rounded bubble type"
    },
    "scope": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "The British Pop graphic goods and television graphics of about 1964–67 that were sold and described as 'mod' (Carnaby Street boutiques, the Ready Steady Go! title sequences), when 'mod' became an adjective for bold graphic goods for young consumers; the RAF-roundel target, a Pop Art image, later became the emblem of mods and the mod revival. The late-1950s subculture is evidenced through dress, music and scooters, not through this graphic language.",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "Swinging Sixties",
      "Carnaby",
      "op-art fashion"
    ],
    "layer_verdict": {
      "state": "ruled",
      "value": "coherent_but_narrower",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    }
  },
  "native_medium": {
    "state": "resolved",
    "value": [
      "print_poster"
    ],
    "evidence": {
      "quote": "it is a poster language, not a layout language",
      "field": "docs/briefs (brief text)"
    },
    "ruling": "D0-5 MD-2 (2026-09-28)"
  },
  "research": {
    "line": "partly_sourced",
    "text": "Partly sourced",
    "sentence": "9 sources attached."
  },
  "areas": [
    {
      "area": "layout",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "typography",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "color",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "imagery",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "surface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "interface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motion",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motif",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "technique",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "form",
      "state": "owed",
      "owed": "research",
      "why": "No source has been examined for this yet."
    },
    {
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "density",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "layout-3",
      "text": "Composition: concentric targets, stripes.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "typography-4",
      "text": "Typography: token rule: display_custom, blobby/circular, heavy.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hierarchy-13",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: rank by concentric position — the target centre leads. Radial rather than vertical, which is the interesting problem.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "color-5",
      "text": "Colour: primary, flat fields.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "color",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8",
      "text": "Form / motif / surface / technique: target, stripe, hard edge.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-14",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: rotation and concentric expansion. Nothing that introduces depth or easing softness.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent",
      "text": "Sharpness is the whole point. A small number of flat colours in crisp geometric relationships, executed cleanly, signals modernity and youth without needing ornament or texture to carry it.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-2",
      "text": "No soft edges.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-3",
      "text": "No depth or shadow.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-4",
      "text": "No use as a long-form layout system.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-6",
      "text": "Not open: softening edges.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-8",
      "text": "Not open: stretching to long-form layout..",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-cost",
      "text": "Costs accepted: Depth; Warmth; Working at any scale but poster scale",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-audience",
      "text": "Audience: A young British audience of the mid-1960s for whom crispness itself read as new.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-distinguishing",
      "text": "Short, crisp and British; poster language, not layout language",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-era",
      "text": "Era: mid-century",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-mood",
      "text": "Mood: playful",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-cross-library",
      "text": "Cross-library: Color: primary · Typography: bubble display",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "typography-block",
      "text": "Typography: bubble display; class display_custom; role display",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": "D0-3 C2 typo"
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8.motif",
      "text": "Motif: target, stripe",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motif",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "freedom-imagery",
      "text": "Declared freedom: imagery presence.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "declared-freedom",
      "text": "Declared freedom: target proportions.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-1",
      "text": "Mod emblems include appropriated national symbols such as the Union Flag and the RAF roundel.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Wikipedia paraphrasing Jobling and Crowley (1996)"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-2",
      "text": "The roundel/target entered as Pop-art imagery (Jasper Johns, Peter Blake). Its attachment to mods came afterwards, through the Who, and it later became the emblem of the mod revival.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S2",
          "kcc-mod-S5",
          "kcc-mod-S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "1960s Pop art to the late-1970s revival"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-3",
      "text": "In mid-1960s British Pop design, Paul Clark used the target on mugs, dishes and coasters; with the Union Jack, the target fitted the mid-sixties trend for design derived from Op art and hard-edge abstraction.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Pop design goods, c. 1965-68"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-4",
      "text": "Pete Townshend wore the first Union Jack jacket in 1965, which Artforum calls an Op art coup; the Union Jack immediately became iconic attire.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S6",
          "kcc-mod-S4"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "1965-66 Swinging London"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-5",
      "text": "'Mod' stopped naming a subculture and became an adjective for bold, graphic clothing and goods for young consumers; placing the imagery in that phase is Aesthetary's reading.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S4"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:imagery-6",
      "text": "The roundel's meaning in pop-music history is contested; a scholarly study treats it as a battle of competing mythologies.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "abstract only; full text not accessed"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-1",
      "text": "At the level of the subculture's objects, the surfaces documented are gleaming chrome and customised two-tone and candyflake scooter paint.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "scooters, not graphics"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:surface-2",
      "text": "1960s youth fashion exploited new man-made materials (plastics, synthetic fibres).",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S9"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "1960s fashion broadly, not mod graphics"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-1",
      "text": "Paul Clark silk-screen printed Pop decoration onto cheap, mass-produced goods, popular in Carnaby Street boutiques such as Gear.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Paul Clark and Pop design goods, c. 1965-69; one designer"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-2",
      "text": "Customisation (repainting and over-accessorising scooters) is the subculture's own documented making practice.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "scooters"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-1",
      "text": "Mod motifs were applied to three-dimensional goods (mugs, dishes, coasters, cardboard clocks) as surface decoration, not as three-dimensional organisation.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Pop design goods"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-2",
      "text": "The subculture's defining 3D object is the Italian scooter, prized for clean-lined curving shapes and customised with many mirrors.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S1",
          "kcc-mod-S8"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "subject, not the graphic register"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-1",
      "text": "Ready Steady Go!, whose most avid followers were mods, used a title sequence crudely animated with a rostrum bench camera to Manfred Mann's '5,4,3,2,1' (late 1963).",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "One programme's title sequences, 1963-66; the programme is described as representing mod codes, not as mod graphics per se."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-2",
      "text": "The documented movement is a staggered zoom towards the lettering, accelerating with the music until the words overfill the screen.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! '5,4,3,2,1' sequence, late 1963."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-3",
      "text": "A 1964 sequence moves the camera into circular Op-art forms (a pair of round sunglasses) that become a new surface for successive images.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! 'Hubble Bubble' sequence, summer 1964."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-4",
      "text": "The early Ready Steady Go! sequences celebrated surface through archetypal pop symbols such as the target; a later sequence introduced a more hallucinatory vision.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! title sequences 1963-66."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-surface-1",
      "text": "The Ready Steady Go! studio sets were collages of typographic and photographic fragments torn from newspapers and pop magazines.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! set design by Nicholas Ferguson, from 1964."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-surface-2",
      "text": "The set designer deliberately sought a surface and texture that evoked Pop, leaning on typographic samples to get it.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! sets; Pop set design for a mod-audience programme."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-surface-3",
      "text": "The collage surfaces were layered week on week, pasted over each other like posters on a hoarding.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! sets."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-surface-4",
      "text": "The set flats were painted black and white with signal red as the one exception.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "RSG! sets; bears on colour more than surface."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "idr:mo-r1",
      "text": "The graphic marks were Pop imagery before they were mod. The RAF roundel appears in Pop Art (Jasper Johns, Peter Blake) and only subsequently came to symbolise mods and the mod revival; by about 1966 'mod' had become an adjective for bold graphic clothing and goods made for young consumers, such as the target designs sold in Carnaby Street boutiques.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S2",
          "kcc-mod-S4",
          "kcc-mod-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "idr:boundary-pop-art",
      "text": "Not Pop Art: Pop Art is the art movement whose imagery (the target, the flag) Mod took up; Mod is the application of that imagery to goods and television graphics for young consumers, sold as 'mod'.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mod-S2",
          "kcc-mod-S4"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:intent-negation",
      "text": "Refuses gradient, ornament and any softness in the edge between two colours; its texture, where it has one, is pasted print.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:w2-surface-1",
        "kcc:w2-surface-2",
        "kcc:w2-surface-3"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt",
      "text": "Flat unmodulated colour fields in a small primary-weighted palette, organised by concentric targets and bold stripes with hard edges and no grain or modelling, carrying heavy rounded bubble display lettering. The diagnostic condition is flatness plus geometric repetition at poster scale: it is a poster language, not a layout language, and it does not survive being asked to organise a long page. Memphis puts unrelated shapes together with no compositional relationship; this is tightly ordered and repetitive. Op Art uses the same geometry for optical effect rather than for graphic snap.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:w2-surface-1",
        "kcc:w2-surface-3",
        "kcc:imagery-3",
        "kcc:form-1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-1",
      "text": "No gradient or grain; where there is texture, it is pasted print.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:w2-surface-1",
        "kcc:w2-surface-2"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt-boundary",
      "text": "Against Memphis: ordered repetition versus deliberate arbitrariness. Both use bright flat shapes; Memphis makes them disagree. Against Op Art: graphic snap versus optical vibration. Anti-signature: let the shapes stop agreeing and it becomes Memphis. Push to equal-value complementaries and it becomes Op Art or Psychedelic.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-5",
      "text": "Against Memphis: ordered repetition versus deliberate arbitrariness. Both use bright flat shapes; Memphis makes them disagree. Against Op Art: graphic snap versus optical vibration. Anti-signature: let the shapes stop agreeing and it becomes Memphis. Push to equal-value complementaries and it becomes Op Art or Psychedelic.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "web_translations": [],
  "standard_practice": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Mod (subculture)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(subculture)",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Roundel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S3",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Moving Target: Mythopoeia and Meaning in a British Music Emblem (abstract; Popular Music and Society 45:2, doi 10.1080/03007766.2021.1984715)",
      "url": "https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/DOI:10.1080/03007766.2021.1984715?fields=title,abstract,authors,year",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S4",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "From Savile Row to Carnaby Street",
      "url": "https://unframed.lacma.org/2016/07/27/savile-row-carnaby-street",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S5",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Paul Clark (designer)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clark_(designer)",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S6",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Hawking of Britain (Letter from London)",
      "url": "https://www.artforum.com/columns/hawking-of-britain-201843/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S8",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Meet the mods, a sharply dressed London subculture",
      "url": "https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/london-stories/mods-sharply-dressed-london-subculture/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-S9",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "An introduction to 1960s fashion",
      "url": "https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/an-introduction-to-1960s-fashion",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mod-W2S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Ready Steady Go! The sets, title sequences and consumers of Ready Steady Go! 1963 – 1966",
      "url": "https://alicetwemlow.com/185-2/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    }
  ],
  "relations": [
    {
      "slug": "op-art",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "memphis",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "mod",
      "kind": "associated_with",
      "status": "confirmed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "pop-art",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    }
  ],
  "open": [
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Is there a museum-held graphic (poster, flyer, sleeve) of the 1960s that a collection record describes as mod?"
    },
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Did the target become mod imagery before or after the Who's 1965 Pop Art turn?"
    }
  ],
  "aesthetary_build": {
    "note": "Values Aesthetary built with. Not claims about the Aesthetic.",
    "measured": {
      "note": "Read from the page's own stylesheet at build time. Values Aesthetary built with, not claims about the Aesthetic.",
      "slug": "mod",
      "stylesheet": "mod.css",
      "bytes": 15549,
      "colours": [
        "#D7262B",
        "#1D3F9A",
        "#F6C700",
        "#FFFFFF",
        "#111111"
      ],
      "radii": [
        "36px",
        "48px",
        "50%"
      ],
      "fontSizes": [
        "15px",
        "16px"
      ],
      "faces": [
        "ChangoX",
        "RubikX"
      ],
      "tokens": [
        {
          "name": "--md-red",
          "value": "#D7262B"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-blue",
          "value": "#1D3F9A"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-yel",
          "value": "#F6C700"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-white",
          "value": "#FFFFFF"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-ink",
          "value": "#111111"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-display",
          "value": "\"ChangoX\", \"Arial Black\", sans-serif"
        },
        {
          "name": "--md-body",
          "value": "\"RubikX\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif"
        }
      ],
      "animates": true,
      "absent": [
        "no box-shadow anywhere",
        "no text-shadow anywhere"
      ]
    },
    "design_grammar": {
      "note": "Aesthetary's translation of this record into web primitives. Every value carries a basis: \"record\" is a rule the record holds (cites names it), \"translation\" is our choice derived from the cited rules (because says how), \"not_recorded\" means the record is silent (guidance says what to do). A \"record\" value restates a claim the record holds; its standing is that claim's own kind in the record (a requirement, period practice, modern practice, or our interpretation), which the cited rule states. \"record\" does not by itself make a value a property of the language.",
      "slug": "mod",
      "version": "2026-09-29",
      "summary": "A starting grammar for a website in Mod: flat primary fields with hard edges, the target and the stripe as the only motifs, heavy rounded capitals, and every page unit treated as a poster rather than a column of text.",
      "color": {
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "ground",
            "value": "#FFFFFF",
            "use": "The page and most posters.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "ink",
            "value": "#111111",
            "contrast": "18.9:1",
            "use": "Text, edges and rules.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "red",
            "value": "#D7262B",
            "contrast": "5.0:1 (white on it)",
            "use": "The one exception, the target's centre, primary buttons.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5",
              "claim:kcc:w2-surface-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "blue",
            "value": "#1D3F9A",
            "contrast": "9.4:1 (white on it)",
            "use": "The target's outer rings, poster fields.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5",
              "claim:kcc:imagery-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "yellow",
            "value": "#F6C700",
            "contrast": "11.8:1 (ink on it)",
            "use": "Poster fields only; never text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "alternates": [
          {
            "label": "Black, white and signal red",
            "recorded": "Ready Steady Go! set flats: black and white, signal red the one exception",
            "value": "#111111 / #FFFFFF / #D7262B",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-surface-4"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Use a small primary palette in flat, unmodulated fields.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No gradient or grain between colours.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:failure-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Red, blue and white carry the target; yellow is a field, never text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:imagery-1",
              "token_rule:color-5"
            ],
            "because": "The roundel and flag are the documented emblems; yellow on white fails contrast."
          }
        ]
      },
      "typography": {
        "family": {
          "stack": "\"Chango\", \"Arial Black\", sans-serif",
          "class": "heavy rounded display (Chango), with Rubik for body"
        },
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "display",
            "size": "4.5rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "0.95",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": "18ch",
            "use": "Poster statements, one per unit."
          },
          {
            "role": "heading",
            "size": "1.5rem",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1.1",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Card and field names."
          },
          {
            "role": "body",
            "size": "1.125rem",
            "weight": 500,
            "lineHeight": "1.5",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": "60ch",
            "use": "Running text, in Rubik."
          },
          {
            "role": "label",
            "size": "0.8125rem",
            "weight": 800,
            "lineHeight": "1.3",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": "0.1em",
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Labels and kinds, in Rubik."
          }
        ],
        "tokens": {
          "font-body": "\"Rubik\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Set display in a heavy, rounded, blobby custom display class.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:typography-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Chango for display, Rubik for body.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:typography-4",
              "typography"
            ],
            "because": "Chango is heavy and circular in the way the record describes; Rubik keeps the rounded terminals at reading sizes. Both are our choice."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Make the lettering the thing the eye travels to: large, and allowed to overfill its frame.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-2"
            ],
            "because": "The documented title movement zooms toward the lettering until the words overfill the screen."
          }
        ]
      },
      "gridLayout": {
        "summary": "No column grid: a run of posters, each one statement, and inside each poster, order by concentric position.",
        "tokens": {
          "poster-rule": "10px"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Compose with concentric targets and stripes.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Rank by concentric position: the target centre leads.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Break a long page into full-width posters separated by a heavy ink rule.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-4",
              "claim:v1-distinguishing"
            ],
            "because": "It is a poster language and does not survive organising a long page, so the page becomes a sequence of posters."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify a column system.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Do not impose a 12-column grid; if a page needs one, state it as a decision.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "shapeGeometry": {
        "tokens": {
          "radius": "0",
          "radius-round": "999px",
          "border": "4px solid #111111",
          "shadow": "none"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Target, stripe and hard edge.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No soft edges.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "No depth or shadow.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:failure-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The circle is the only curve; every other corner is square.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ],
            "because": "The target is the motif; everything else is flat field and hard edge."
          }
        ]
      },
      "imagery": {
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "The emblems are appropriated national symbols: the Union Flag and the RAF roundel.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:imagery-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The target was printed on goods as surface decoration, not as three-dimensional form.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:imagery-3",
              "claim:kcc:form-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Where there is texture, it is pasted print: torn type and photographs layered like posters.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-surface-1",
              "claim:kcc:w2-surface-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Draw the target and the flag as flat marks; do not present them as facts about the subculture.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:idr:mo-r1",
              "claim:kcc:imagery-6"
            ],
            "because": "The marks were Pop imagery sold as mod, and the roundel's meaning is contested."
          }
        ]
      },
      "components": {
        "button": {
          "name": "Button",
          "becomes": "A flat primary lozenge with round ends and a heavy ink edge, lettered in the rounded display face.",
          "anatomy": [
            "flat primary fill",
            "4px ink border",
            "fully round ends",
            "label in heavy rounded capitals"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "fill": "#D7262B",
            "label": "#FFFFFF",
            "border": "4px solid #111111",
            "radius": "999px",
            "shadow": "none",
            "transition": "none"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Red field, white capitals, ink edge.",
            "hover": "The field swaps to blue. Instantly, no fade.",
            "focus": "4px ink outline, 3px outside the edge.",
            "active": "The field swaps to ink.",
            "disabled": "White field, ink edge, label struck through."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "White on red is 5.0:1 and white on blue 9.4:1.",
            "At least 44px tall.",
            "Disabled is shown by a strike-through, not by fading."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Fill the button with one flat primary and edge it in ink; no gradient, no shadow.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:color-5",
                "token_rule:surface-8",
                "claim:failure-3"
              ],
              "because": "Flat primary fields and the hard edge are the record's colour and surface rules; the lozenge is our screen form."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Give the button fully round ends.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:typography-4",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "The display class is blobby and circular, and the circle is the language's one curve."
            }
          ]
        },
        "card": {
          "name": "Card",
          "becomes": "A small poster: one flat field, one statement, a heavy ink frame.",
          "anatomy": [
            "flat field in one primary or white",
            "6px ink frame",
            "heading in rounded capitals",
            "one line of body"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "6px solid #111111",
            "radius": "0",
            "padding": "1.25rem",
            "shadow": "none"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Flat field in its frame.",
            "hover": "The frame thickens to 10px.",
            "focus": "4px ink outline outside the frame."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "Text sits on white, yellow (ink text) or on red and blue (white text) only.",
            "Yellow is never a text colour."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Make each card a poster: one flat field, one statement.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:v1-distinguishing",
                "claim:failure-4"
              ],
              "because": "A poster language, not a layout language: each unit carries one thing at poster scale."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Keep every edge hard: no radius on the frame, no soft edge between colours.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:surface-8",
                "claim:failure-2"
              ],
              "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
            }
          ]
        },
        "input": {
          "name": "Input",
          "becomes": "A white field with a heavy ink edge, its label in heavy body capitals above.",
          "anatomy": [
            "white field",
            "4px ink border",
            "label above, 800 weight"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "4px solid #111111",
            "radius": "0",
            "background": "#FFFFFF"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "4px ink edge.",
            "focus": "The edge turns red and a 4px ink outline sits outside it.",
            "error": "A red bar below, white message beginning \"Error:\".",
            "disabled": "Label struck through."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "A visible label on every field.",
            "Errors are written, not only coloured."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Draw the field as a flat white box with a hard ink edge.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:surface-8",
                "token_rule:color-5"
              ],
              "because": "Flat fields and hard edges, the record's surface rule, applied to entry."
            }
          ]
        },
        "navigation": {
          "name": "Navigation",
          "becomes": "A row of links in heavy capitals; the current one carries a small target.",
          "anatomy": [
            "links in heavy body capitals",
            "a concentric target marking the current page",
            "ink rule beneath the row"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "rule": "6px solid #111111",
            "marker": "target: red / white / blue"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Ink capitals, underlined 3px.",
            "hover": "Underline turns red.",
            "focus": "4px ink outline.",
            "current": "A target before the label; no link."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "aria-current on the current page.",
            "The target is decoration; the current page is also written as plain text."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Mark the current page with a target: the centre leads.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:hierarchy-13",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "Rank by concentric position; the target is the language's first motif."
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "motion": {
        "spec": {
          "durations": {
            "entrance": "900ms",
            "stagger": "100ms",
            "state": "0ms"
          },
          "easing": {
            "entrance": "linear",
            "state": "none"
          },
          "transforms": "scale from the centre (concentric expansion) and rotation only",
          "entrance": "A target's rings expand from the centre once, ring by ring.",
          "hover": "An instant swap of flat fill.",
          "reducedMotion": "Everything is simply there: no expansion, no zoom."
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Rotation and concentric expansion; nothing that introduces depth or easing softness.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:motion-14"
            ],
            "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
          },
          {
            "rule": "A title may arrive as a staggered zoom toward its lettering, once, in steps.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-2",
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-1"
            ],
            "because": "The documented Ready Steady Go! movement is a staggered zoom toward the lettering; on a page it plays once and never loops."
          }
        ]
      },
      "dimensions": [
        {
          "key": "register",
          "label": "Which Mod",
          "summary": "The Pop goods and television graphics of about 1964–67 sold as \"mod\", not the early subculture, whose record is dress, music and scooters.",
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "The marks were Pop imagery before they were mod; build the Carnaby Street and Ready Steady Go! register.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:idr:mo-r1"
              ]
            },
            {
              "rule": "Not Pop Art: Mod is that imagery applied to goods and television graphics for young consumers.",
              "basis": "record",
              "cites": [
                "claim:idr:boundary-pop-art"
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "notRecorded": [
        {
          "category": "components",
          "what": "Interface conventions",
          "why": "The source never addressed the screen. The four components are contemporary translations of documented rules."
        },
        {
          "category": "gridLayout",
          "what": "A column system and density",
          "why": "The record specifies a poster language, not a page layout; density is not specified by the source."
        },
        {
          "category": "shapeGeometry",
          "what": "Three-dimensional form",
          "why": "Research found the motifs applied to goods as surface decoration; form beyond that is not researched yet."
        }
      ],
      "silence": {
        "color": "source",
        "typography": "source",
        "gridLayout": "source",
        "shapeGeometry": "source",
        "imagery": "source",
        "components": "source",
        "motion": "source"
      },
      "uiNote": "The sources do not specify interface conventions for Mod. These four are contemporary translations of its visual rules."
    }
  }
}