{
  "contract": "aesthetary.record/1.0",
  "record_spec": "1.1.0",
  "semantics": {
    "vocabulary": "aesthetary.public-evidence/1.0",
    "definitions": "vocabulary.json"
  },
  "slug": "mid-century-modern",
  "name": "Mid-Century Modern",
  "identity": {
    "definition": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "Mid-century modern is a name used as early as the mid-1950s and defined as a design movement by Cara Greenberg's 1984 book on 1950s furniture, for modernist design across interiors, products, graphic design, architecture and urban development, typically marked by clean, simple lines, honest use of materials and generally no decorative embellishment. The graphic-illustration strand Aesthetary teaches under the name (textured print, a warm muted palette, organic shapes, confident negative space) is Aesthetary's reading; the sources opened describe Harper's imagery as vividly coloured and Lustig's type as set against flat colour."
    },
    "scope": {
      "state": "resolved",
      "text": "The visual register of mid-century modern graphic illustration (c.1945 to 1970s), within a furniture-led period style: simplified forms, clean lines, no applied ornament. Print texture and warm palette are Aesthetary's reading.",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    },
    "aliases": [
      "MCM",
      "fifties modern",
      "Eames",
      "atomic"
    ],
    "layer_verdict": {
      "state": "ruled",
      "value": "umbrella_or_family",
      "ruling": "D0-1"
    }
  },
  "native_medium": {
    "state": "resolved",
    "value": [
      "print"
    ],
    "evidence": {
      "quote": "Illustration with visible printed texture — grain, overprint, screen",
      "field": "docs/briefs (brief text)"
    },
    "ruling": "D0-5 MD-3 (2026-09-28)"
  },
  "research": {
    "line": "partly_sourced",
    "text": "Partly sourced",
    "sentence": "13 sources attached."
  },
  "areas": [
    {
      "area": "layout",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "typography",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "color",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "imagery",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "surface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "interface",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "not_canonically_specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Not specified by the source"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motion",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "motif",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "excluded",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Ruled out"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "technique",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "form",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": null,
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    },
    {
      "area": "density",
      "state": "resolved",
      "canon": "specified",
      "importance": "unknown",
      "posture_basis": "synthesis",
      "label": {
        "text": "Specified"
      }
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "layout-3",
      "text": "Composition: confident negative space.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "layout",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "typography-4",
      "text": "No token rule. CURATORIAL from material: a humanist or geometric sans with warmth, plus period script for accent. Not a claim about the register — reasoned from the era's lithographic practice.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hierarchy-13",
      "text": "CURATORIAL: rank by isolation. The element with the most space around it leads. Follows directly from the claimed negative space.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "hierarchy",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "density-6",
      "text": "is SUPPORTED and rare for a RED record — *\"confident negative space\"* is an explicit density claim.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "density",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "imagery-7",
      "text": "Imagery: textured illustration.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "imagery",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8",
      "text": "Form / motif / surface / technique: organic shapes, print texture.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent",
      "text": "Postwar optimism rendered domestic. Modernism's geometry is warmed by hand-made texture and organic form so that it belongs in a living room rather than in a manifesto, and confidence is shown by what is left empty.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-1",
      "text": "No photography as primary imagery.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-2",
      "text": "No pure hard-edged geometry.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-3",
      "text": "No cool or neutral palette.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-4",
      "text": "No crowding.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-5",
      "text": "No digital flatness without print texture.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-7",
      "text": "Not open: photographic primary imagery.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "failure-8",
      "text": "Not open: closing the negative space..",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-cost",
      "text": "Costs accepted: Rigour; Seriousness; Distinction from sixty years of reproduction",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "intent-audience",
      "text": "Audience: A viewer who reads warm geometry as optimistic rather than as dated.",
      "role": "argument",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-distinguishing",
      "text": "Illustrated and warm where Swiss is photographic and cool",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-era",
      "text": "Era: mid-century",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-mood",
      "text": "Mood: warm, playful",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-cross-library",
      "text": "Cross-library: Imagery: textured illustration",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "v1-applications",
      "text": "Common applications: Furniture, coffee, restaurants",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sector-registers",
      "text": "Sectors: Furniture, coffee, restaurants",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": "D0-3 C3 sector"
    },
    {
      "id": "surface-8.surface",
      "text": "Surface: print texture",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "surface",
      "basis": "inherited",
      "support": {
        "state": "inherited",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "catalogue",
        "text": "From our catalogue entry"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "freedom-typography",
      "text": "Declared freedom: typography.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "declared-freedom",
      "text": "Declared freedom: which warm hues lead.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-1",
      "text": "Charley Harper worked across drawings, gouaches, collages, screen prints, paintings and posters.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S3"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Charley Harper"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-2",
      "text": "Graphic strand: book-cover designers worked by collage, photographic manipulation (reticulated negatives, photograms) and redrawing photostatted type specimens.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S7",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S6"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Alvin Lustig, 1940s-1955"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:technique-3",
      "text": "Furniture strand: molding plywood in compound curves, a wartime-derived process, made light, mass-producible seating whose curves replaced padding.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "technique",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S9",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S10"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Charles and Ray Eames, 1940s"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-1",
      "text": "Alvin Lustig's book covers used abstracted iconography and simple typography and lettering.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S4",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S8"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Alvin Lustig, 1940s-1950s"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-2",
      "text": "Type was eclectic rather than purely modernist: European sans serifs alongside recut gothics and slab serifs, and occasionally a formal script.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S7"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lustig"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:typography-3",
      "text": "On Lustig's Noonday/Meridian covers, a flat colour background framed varied type treatments.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "typography",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S7"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Lustig Noonday/Meridian covers, 1953-1954"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-1",
      "text": "In the Eameses' molded plywood furniture, compound curves in three dimensions gave comfort without thick padding.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S9"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "seen",
        "text": "Seen in the work"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "furniture strand (Eames)"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:form-2",
      "text": "The American variant is described as somewhat more organic in form than the International Style.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "form",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "architecture"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:motion-1",
      "text": "Mid-century modernist designers made films, e.g. the Eameses' Powers of Ten, built from an animated image, narration and a dashboard.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S11"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "seen",
        "text": "Seen in the work"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "Eames films, 1968/1977"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-1",
      "text": "A university moving-image archive, drawing on Dan Bashara's study of midcentury modernism and UPA, describes UPA's work as an abstract, graphic sensibility: simplified shapes, bold colours unmodulated by rounding or shadow, and a forceful engagement with the flat surface of the frame.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "US studio animation, late 1940s-1950s; the archive paraphrases Dan Bashara."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-2",
      "text": "The motion technique was limited animation: fewer drawings per second (twelve, eight or six), redrawing only the parts that move.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "UPA and the 'modern cartoon'."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-3",
      "text": "In UPA's limited animation, movements are often repeated and recycled instead of drawn as an entirely unique progression.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "UPA."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-4",
      "text": "The archive ties the look to the pairing of limited animation with graphic abstraction, not to the technique alone.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-5",
      "text": "In the UPA work the archive discusses, wildly inventive sequences are often reduced to a kinetic flurry of strobing colours and simple shapes.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "UPA's The Jaywalker (1956) only."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:w2-motion-6",
      "text": "The modern cartoon style spread beyond one studio and beyond theatrical shorts into commercials and industrial and military training films.",
      "role": "context",
      "area": "motion",
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S2"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "scope": {
        "practice": "1950s American animation."
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:definition",
      "text": "Mid-century modern is a name used as early as the mid-1950s and defined as a design movement by Cara Greenberg's 1984 book on 1950s furniture, for modernist design across interiors, products, graphic design, architecture and urban development, typically marked by clean, simple lines, honest use of materials and generally no decorative embellishment. The graphic-illustration strand Aesthetary teaches under the name (textured print, a warm muted palette, organic shapes, confident negative space) is Aesthetary's reading; the sources opened describe Harper's imagery as vividly coloured and Lustig's type as set against flat colour.",
      "role": "definition",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S1",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S2",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S3",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S7"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc:revision-intent-negation",
      "text": "In architecture and furniture, the attested norm is clean lines, honest materials and little decorative embellishment; in graphic design, designers such as Alvin Lustig used decorative motifs, biomorphic shapes and abstract symbols. The record's 'refuses ornament that is not structural or made by hand' is not attested and is Aesthetary's reading.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "documentary",
      "support": {
        "state": "cited",
        "for": [
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S1",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S9",
          "kcc-mid-century-modern-S5"
        ],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "documented",
        "mark": "attached",
        "text": "Documented · Source attached"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:color-5",
      "text": "Colour: bright flat colour, laid as unmodulated fields.",
      "role": "rule",
      "area": "color",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:definition",
        "kcc:typography-3",
        "kcc:w2-motion-1"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt",
      "text": "Illustration with visible printed texture — grain, overprint, screen — in bright flat colour, organic and rounded shapes rather than pure geometry, and negative space held open with evident confidence. The diagnostic pair is illustration plus warmth: the geometry is softened and hand-made, and the empty areas are compositional rather than leftover. Swiss Style is photographic and cool. Googie takes the same period's optimism and shouts it at a motorist; this is indoors and quiet.",
      "role": "diagnostic",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [
        "kcc:definition",
        "kcc:typography-3",
        "kcc:w2-motion-1",
        "kcc:form-2"
      ],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:failure-6",
      "text": "Against Googie: indoor repose versus roadside advertising. Same decade, opposite volume. Against Seventies Revival: warm-but-optimistic versus warm-but-compressed. MCM permits brightness; Seventies Revival forbids it. Anti-signature: swap illustration for photography and it drifts to Swiss. Raise the volume and angle the baselines and it becomes Googie.",
      "role": "negative",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dcc:gestalt-boundary",
      "text": "Against Googie: indoor repose versus roadside advertising. Same decade, opposite volume. Against Seventies Revival: warm-but-optimistic versus warm-but-compressed. MCM permits brightness; Seventies Revival forbids it. Anti-signature: swap illustration for photography and it drifts to Swiss. Raise the volume and angle the baselines and it becomes Googie.",
      "role": "boundary",
      "area": null,
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "support": {
        "state": "none",
        "for": [],
        "against": [],
        "contested": false
      },
      "label": {
        "kind": "reading",
        "text": "Our reading"
      },
      "derives_from": [],
      "ruling": null
    }
  ],
  "web_translations": [],
  "standard_practice": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Mid-century modern",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S10",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Charles Eames, DCW (Dining Chair Wood), 1946-1949",
      "url": "https://collections.lacma.org/object/146204",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S11",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Powers of Ten and the Relative Size of Things in the Universe",
      "url": "https://eamesfoundation.org/work/powers-of-ten-and-the-relative-size-of-things-in-the-universe/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "\"Mid-century modern is never going away\" says Cara Greenberg",
      "url": "https://www.dezeen.com/2024/10/09/mid-century-modern-interview-cara-greenberg/",
      "status": "unresolved",
      "retrieval": "not_retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S3",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "The Art of Charley Harper: Creatures Wild and Tame",
      "url": "https://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/art/exhibitions/upcoming-exhibitions/the-art-of-charley-harper-creatures-wild-and-tame/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S4",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Hand-Lettered Illuminations",
      "url": "https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2015/05/21/alvin-lustig-illuminations/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S5",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "LACMA Commits to Graphic Design with its Latest Exhibition",
      "url": "https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/los-angeles-county-museum-of-art-makes-a-commitment-to-graphic-design-with-its-latest-exhibition/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S6",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Modern Art as Design Research",
      "url": "https://unframed.lacma.org/2016/06/27/modern-art-design-research",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S7",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Born modern",
      "url": "https://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/born-modern",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S8",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Dual Vision: The Book Covers of Alvin Lustig and Elaine Lustig Cohen",
      "url": "https://www.printmag.com/design-books/dual-vision-the-book-covers-of-alvin-lustig-and-elaine-lustig-cohen/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-S9",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Molded Plywood Group",
      "url": "https://eamesfoundation.org/work/molded-plywood-group-2/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S1",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "United Productions of America and Cartoon Modernism (Bosustow Family Film Collection)",
      "url": "https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/IULMIA/exhibits/show/nick-and-stephen-bosustow-film/united-productions-of-america-",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    },
    {
      "id": "kcc-mid-century-modern-W2S2",
      "kind": "source",
      "title": "Amid Amidi's Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties Animation",
      "url": "https://bombmagazine.org/articles/amid-amidis-cartoon-modern-style-and-design-in-fifties-animation/",
      "status": "verified",
      "retrieval": "retrieved"
    }
  ],
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    {
      "slug": "googie",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "seventies-revival",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "brazilian-modernism",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    },
    {
      "slug": "travel-poster",
      "kind": "confused_with",
      "status": "proposed"
    }
  ],
  "open": [
    {
      "kind": "open_question",
      "question": "[form_module] A1: this language is native to substrate \"built_space\". Author a form module (substrate + transfer_note), or set depth_policy influence_only."
    },
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Is there a documented warm, muted palette for the mid-century graphic strand?"
    },
    {
      "kind": "missing_research",
      "question": "Which designers does 'mid-century modern graphic illustration' historically name?"
    }
  ],
  "aesthetary_build": {
    "note": "Values Aesthetary built with. Not claims about the Aesthetic.",
    "measured": {
      "note": "Read from the page's own stylesheet at build time. Values Aesthetary built with, not claims about the Aesthetic.",
      "slug": "mid-century-modern",
      "stylesheet": "mid-century-modern.css",
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        "#F3EAD7",
        "#D19A3A",
        "#2E7F7A",
        "#E2B33C",
        "#B5562B",
        "#2B2622",
        "#256A66",
        "#9C4520",
        "#5E5445",
        "#9FC9C4",
        "#E8B79D",
        "#EAD9AB"
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      "radii": [
        "999px"
      ],
      "fontSizes": [
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        "15px",
        "16px",
        "17px",
        "19px",
        "22px",
        "24px"
      ],
      "faces": [
        "Josefin MC",
        "Yellowtail MC"
      ],
      "tokens": [
        {
          "name": "--mc-paper",
          "value": "#F3EAD7"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-ochre",
          "value": "#D19A3A"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-teal",
          "value": "#2E7F7A"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-mus",
          "value": "#E2B33C"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-rust",
          "value": "#B5562B"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-ink",
          "value": "#2B2622"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-teal-d",
          "value": "#256A66"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-rust-d",
          "value": "#9C4520"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-muted",
          "value": "#5E5445"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-sage",
          "value": "#9FC9C4"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-peach",
          "value": "#E8B79D"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-sand",
          "value": "#EAD9AB"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-sans",
          "value": "\"Josefin MC\", \"Futura\", \"Century Gothic\", sans-serif"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-script",
          "value": "\"Yellowtail MC\", \"Brush Script MT\", cursive"
        },
        {
          "name": "--mc-grain",
          "value": "url(\"data:image/svg+xml"
        }
      ],
      "animates": true,
      "absent": [
        "no gradient anywhere",
        "no text-shadow anywhere"
      ]
    },
    "design_grammar": {
      "note": "Aesthetary's translation of this record into web primitives. Every value carries a basis: \"record\" is a rule the record holds (cites names it), \"translation\" is our choice derived from the cited rules (because says how), \"not_recorded\" means the record is silent (guidance says what to do). A \"record\" value restates a claim the record holds; its standing is that claim's own kind in the record (a requirement, period practice, modern practice, or our interpretation), which the cited rule states. \"record\" does not by itself make a value a property of the language.",
      "slug": "mid-century-modern",
      "version": "2026-09-29",
      "summary": "A starting grammar for a website in Mid-Century Modern: paper with its grain, bright flat inks that overprint, organic cut shapes, a warm sans with one script word, the most isolated element leading, and motion as limited animation.",
      "color": {
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "paper",
            "value": "#F3EAD7",
            "use": "The ground, with a printed grain.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:surface-8.surface"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "ink",
            "value": "#2B2622",
            "contrast": "12.5:1",
            "use": "Text, hairlines, drawn line.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "ochre",
            "value": "#D19A3A",
            "use": "Flat ink for shapes; never text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "teal",
            "value": "#2E7F7A",
            "use": "Flat ink for shapes; never text.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "mustard",
            "value": "#E2B33C",
            "use": "Flat ink and button ground.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "rust",
            "value": "#B5562B",
            "use": "Flat ink for shapes.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "teal-deep",
            "value": "#256A66",
            "contrast": "5.3:1",
            "use": "Labels and small text in colour; the flat field behind type.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5",
              "claim:kcc:typography-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "role": "rust-deep",
            "value": "#9C4520",
            "contrast": "5.3:1",
            "use": "Links on hover, focus, kinds of claim.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "alternates": [],
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Colour: bright flat colour, laid as unmodulated fields.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "On Lustig's Noonday and Meridian covers, a flat colour background framed varied type.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Overprint where two inks meet (mix-blend-mode: multiply), rather than stacking them opaque.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:surface-8.surface",
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ],
            "because": "Print texture is our catalogue entry's reading; two flat inks on one sheet darken where they cross."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not say which hues lead.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [
              "claim:declared-freedom"
            ],
            "guidance": "Ochre, teal, mustard and rust are this page's choice (a declared freedom); say which hues you chose and why.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "typography": {
        "family": {
          "stack": "\"Josefin MC\", \"Futura\", \"Century Gothic\", sans-serif",
          "class": "a geometric sans with warmth, and one period script for an accent"
        },
        "roles": [
          {
            "role": "display",
            "size": "clamp(46px, 7vw, 92px)",
            "weight": 700,
            "lineHeight": "0.95",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": "-0.01em",
            "measure": null,
            "use": "The name."
          },
          {
            "role": "heading",
            "size": "clamp(34px, 5vw, 56px)",
            "weight": 700,
            "lineHeight": "1.05",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Section headings."
          },
          {
            "role": "body",
            "size": "19px",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1.65",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": "520px",
            "use": "Sentences, in a narrow isolated column."
          },
          {
            "role": "label",
            "size": "13px",
            "weight": 700,
            "lineHeight": "1.4",
            "case": "uppercase",
            "tracking": "0.24em",
            "measure": null,
            "use": "Small labels, in teal-deep."
          },
          {
            "role": "script",
            "size": "0.72em of the name",
            "weight": 400,
            "lineHeight": "1",
            "case": null,
            "tracking": null,
            "measure": null,
            "setting": "Yellowtail, one word only",
            "use": "A single accent word."
          }
        ],
        "tokens": {
          "font-script": "\"Yellowtail MC\", \"Brush Script MT\", cursive"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "A humanist or geometric sans with warmth, plus period script for accent.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:typography-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Type was eclectic: European sans serifs alongside recut gothics and slab serifs, occasionally a formal script.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Covers used abstracted iconography with simple typography and lettering.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Use the script for one word at a time, never for a sentence.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:typography-2",
              "token_rule:typography-4"
            ],
            "because": "Script is documented as occasional; the sans carries the page."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify a face to use.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [
              "claim:freedom-typography"
            ],
            "guidance": "Typography is a declared freedom; Josefin Sans and Yellowtail are this page's choices.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "gridLayout": {
        "summary": "The sources specify no column grid. The page is ranked by isolation: narrow columns pulled alternately left and right, with the open paper between them left empty on purpose.",
        "tokens": {
          "measure": "520px",
          "section-gap": "clamp(90px, 14vw, 180px)"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Composition: confident negative space.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Confident negative space is an explicit density claim.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:density-6"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Rank by isolation: the element with the most space around it leads.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Keep text in a column of at most 520px and alternate it left and right.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:layout-3",
              "token_rule:hierarchy-13"
            ],
            "because": "The empty side is compositional, not leftover."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources do not specify columns or gutters.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Use any grid that keeps the voids open; do not fill them to balance the page.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "shapeGeometry": {
        "tokens": {
          "radius-organic": "60% 40% 50% 50% / 30% 30% 20% 20%",
          "radius-pebble": "50% 44% 56% 48% / 52% 60% 40% 48%",
          "hairline": "1.5px"
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Form, motif, surface and technique: organic shapes, print texture.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:surface-8"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "The American variant is somewhat more organic in form than the International Style.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:form-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Give tiles and swatches uneven organic radii, never a circle or a square.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:surface-8",
              "claim:kcc:form-2"
            ],
            "because": "Organic shapes rather than pure geometry."
          }
        ]
      },
      "imagery": {
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Imagery: textured illustration.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:imagery-7"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Illustrators worked in drawings, gouache, collage, screen prints and posters.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-1"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Book-cover designers used collage, photographic manipulation and redrawn type specimens.",
            "basis": "record",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:technique-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "rule": "Draw shapes as flat fields of ink over a paper grain, overprinting where they cross.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "token_rule:imagery-7",
              "claim:dcc:color-5"
            ],
            "because": "Textured illustration in bright flat colour."
          },
          {
            "rule": "The sources specify no figurative subject, and the record rules motif out.",
            "basis": "not_recorded",
            "cites": [],
            "guidance": "Keep to organic shapes and do not add atomic or boomerang motifs to signal the period.",
            "silence": "source"
          }
        ]
      },
      "components": {
        "button": {
          "name": "Button",
          "becomes": "An organic tile of flat colour, like a cut-paper shape, with the label in the warm sans.",
          "anatomy": [
            "flat mustard ground, no border",
            "organic radius 60% 40% 50% 50% / 30% 30% 20% 20%",
            "label in the sans at 700"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "background": "#E2B33C",
            "text": "#2B2622",
            "radius": "60% 40% 50% 50% / 30% 30% 20% 20%",
            "padding": "14px 28px"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Mustard shape, ink label (7.7:1).",
            "hover": "A 2px ink outline appears around the shape.",
            "focus": "2px rust-deep outline, 4px off.",
            "active": "Ground turns ochre.",
            "disabled": "Paper ground, dashed ink edge, muted label."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "At least 44px tall.",
            "Ink on every tile ground is 7.6:1 or better."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Cut the button as one flat organic shape; no gradient, no shadow.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:surface-8",
                "claim:dcc:color-5"
              ],
              "because": "Organic shapes in bright flat colour, laid as unmodulated fields."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Keep the label in the text sans, not the script.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:typography-4"
              ],
              "because": "Script is an accent for one word, never a control."
            }
          ]
        },
        "card": {
          "name": "Card",
          "becomes": "Not a box: a block of text on a hairline with open paper around it and one small overprinted pair of inks in its void.",
          "anatomy": [
            "1.5px ink rule above",
            "title in the sans at 700",
            "one line of body",
            "a two-ink overprint beside it, decoration"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "rule": "1.5px solid #2B2622",
            "max-width": "420px",
            "gap": "60px"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Hairline above, paper around.",
            "hover": "Title underlines in rust, 2px.",
            "focus": "2px rust-deep outline."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "The title is the link.",
            "The inks are aria-hidden decoration."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Give each card more space around it than its content needs; the card with the most space leads.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:hierarchy-13",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "Rank by isolation; confident negative space."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Separate with a hairline, not a box or a shadow.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:density-6"
              ],
              "because": "Space does the grouping, so the edge can be a single rule."
            }
          ]
        },
        "input": {
          "name": "Input",
          "becomes": "A ruled line on paper, the label set above it in small tracked capitals.",
          "anatomy": [
            "1.5px ink underline",
            "paper field, no box",
            "label above in teal-deep capitals",
            "error sentence below"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "border": "0 0 1.5px",
            "border-color": "#2B2622",
            "height": "48px",
            "label": "#256A66"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Ink underline.",
            "focus": "Underline thickens to 3px rust-deep, plus outline.",
            "error": "Rust-deep underline; message begins \"Error:\".",
            "disabled": "Dotted underline, muted text."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "The label is real text above the line.",
            "Errors are words, not colour alone."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Rule the field with one line, like a form on a printed page.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:density-6"
              ],
              "because": "Hairlines and paper carry the page; a box would crowd it."
            },
            {
              "rule": "The sources do not specify an input convention.",
              "basis": "not_recorded",
              "cites": [],
              "guidance": "Keep the field plain.",
              "silence": "source"
            }
          ]
        },
        "navigation": {
          "name": "Navigation",
          "becomes": "A few words far apart on the paper, the current one marked by a small overprinted dot of two inks.",
          "anatomy": [
            "links in the sans, generously spaced",
            "current: a teal and ochre dot overprinting beside it",
            "rust underline on hover"
          ],
          "tokens": {
            "gap": "40px",
            "mark": "ochre + teal, multiply",
            "underline": "2px #B5562B"
          },
          "states": {
            "default": "Ink words on paper.",
            "hover": "Rust underline, 2px, 4px offset.",
            "focus": "2px rust-deep outline.",
            "current": "The two-ink dot, aria-current=\"page\"."
          },
          "accessibility": [
            "aria-current marks the page; the dot is decoration.",
            "Targets at least 44px tall."
          ],
          "values": [
            {
              "rule": "Space the links far apart; never pack a menu bar.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "token_rule:density-6",
                "token_rule:layout-3"
              ],
              "because": "Confident negative space is the density rule."
            },
            {
              "rule": "Mark the current page with two inks overprinting.",
              "basis": "translation",
              "cites": [
                "claim:surface-8.surface",
                "token_rule:surface-8"
              ],
              "because": "Printed texture: overprint where flat inks meet."
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "motion": {
        "spec": {
          "durations": {
            "drawing": "125ms (eight drawings a second)",
            "cycle": "375ms for three drawings"
          },
          "easing": {
            "all": "steps(1)"
          },
          "transforms": "None: a moving part is redrawn, not tweened.",
          "entrance": "None.",
          "hover": "Instant.",
          "reducedMotion": "Hold the first drawing."
        },
        "rules": [
          {
            "rule": "Limited animation: fewer drawings a second (twelve, eight or six), redrawing only the parts that move.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-2"
            ],
            "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Movements are often repeated and recycled rather than drawn fresh.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-3"
            ],
            "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Simplified shapes and bold colours unmodulated by rounding or shadow, engaging the flat surface of the frame.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-1"
            ],
            "because": "The cited rule belongs to the Aesthetic's own medium; applying it to a screen component or motion is our translation."
          },
          {
            "rule": "If something moves, swap between a few drawings with steps(1); never ease or tween it.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-2",
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-4"
            ],
            "because": "Limited animation redraws; it does not interpolate."
          },
          {
            "rule": "Move one part; hold the rest.",
            "basis": "translation",
            "cites": [
              "claim:kcc:w2-motion-2"
            ],
            "because": "Only the parts that move are redrawn."
          }
        ]
      },
      "notRecorded": [
        {
          "category": "color",
          "what": "Which hues lead",
          "why": "A declared freedom; the sources say vivid and flat, not which colours."
        },
        {
          "category": "typography",
          "what": "A specific face",
          "why": "Typography is a declared freedom."
        },
        {
          "category": "gridLayout",
          "what": "Columns and gutters",
          "why": "The sources specify negative space, not a grid."
        },
        {
          "category": "imagery",
          "what": "Motifs",
          "why": "The record rules motif out."
        },
        {
          "category": "components",
          "what": "Any interface convention",
          "why": "Interface is not specified by the source. All four components are translations."
        }
      ],
      "silence": {
        "color": "source",
        "typography": "source",
        "gridLayout": "source",
        "shapeGeometry": "source",
        "imagery": "source",
        "components": "source",
        "motion": "source"
      },
      "uiNote": "The sources do not specify interface conventions for Mid-Century Modern. These four are contemporary translations of its visual rules."
    }
  }
}