{ "contract": "aesthetary.record/1.0", "record_spec": "1.1.0", "semantics": { "vocabulary": "aesthetary.public-evidence/1.0", "definitions": "vocabulary.json" }, "slug": "manga", "name": "Manga", "identity": { "definition": { "state": "resolved", "text": "Screentone shading, speed lines, panel-based sectioning, expressive character art" }, "scope": { "state": "resolved", "text": "The page grammar of Japanese commercial story manga published as print serials (magazine anthologies, then collected tankōbon): Japanese Visual Language as it appears in manga, with dialects developing since Tezuka, panel techniques pioneered in the 1960s and screentone used from the 1950s. Pre-war cartoon magazines such as Tokyo Puck (colour-illustrated, read in columns) are precursors rather than instances. 'Post-war', 'monochrome' and the exclusion of vertical-scroll colour formats are Aesthetary's boundary.", "ruling": "D0-1" }, "aliases": [ "anime", "shonen", "screentone", "comic panel" ], "layer_verdict": { "state": "none" } }, "native_medium": { "state": "resolved", "value": [ "print_serial" ], "ruling": null }, "research": { "line": "partly_sourced", "text": "Partly sourced", "sentence": "28 sources attached." }, "areas": [ { "area": "layout", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "typography", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "color", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "imagery", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "surface", "state": "resolved", "canon": "not_canonically_specified", "importance": "supporting", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Supporting · Not specified by the source" } }, { "area": "interface", "state": "resolved", "canon": "not_canonically_specified", "importance": "unknown", "posture_basis": null, "label": { "text": "Not specified by the source" } }, { "area": "motion", "state": "resolved", "canon": "not_canonically_specified", "importance": "none", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Not specified by the source" } }, { "area": "motif", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "technique", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "core", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Core · Specified" } }, { "area": "form", "state": "resolved", "canon": "not_canonically_specified", "importance": "none", "posture_basis": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Not specified by the source" } }, { "area": "hierarchy", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "unknown", "posture_basis": null, "label": { "text": "Specified" } }, { "area": "density", "state": "resolved", "canon": "specified", "importance": "unknown", "posture_basis": null, "label": { "text": "Specified" } } ], "claims": [ { "id": "monochrome-default", "text": "Interior pages are printed in a single black ink on off-white stock, with tone standing in for colour.", "role": "rule", "area": "color", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "factory-v1:manga:S3", "held:manga:5f77351e9b" ], "against": [ "1KJCJMFFWQWVZSTZPZMD9XEWFS", "5SCDKXWAE1DRX5EXKHZ864D1A1", "74ZR7EV0MZN5RHD5PPFVZ5WK3P" ], "contested": true }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "unverified", "text": "Documented · Source not yet verified · disputed" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "panel-progression", "text": "Panel order is fixed by the binding direction and cannot be mirrored without inverting every sequence built on it. In right-bound Japanese publishing that order runs right to left and top to bottom, and panel, balloon and page turn all follow it.", "role": "rule", "area": "layout", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "1JGBMJQM3R0PG5SZ6GTNDWV5RR", "factory-v1:manga:S13", "factory-v1:manga:S5" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "panel-size-pacing", "text": "Panels of deliberately unequal size and shape. Size controls pacing.", "role": "rule", "area": "layout", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "factory-v1:manga:S1", "factory-v1:manga:S2", "held:manga:14d63e33a6", "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "Knowledge Completion Campaign (founder instruction, 2026-09-29)" }, { "id": "gutter-asymmetry", "text": "Gutters are asymmetric: the gap between rows is larger than the gap between panels inside a row, which is what makes the eye complete a row before dropping to the next.", "role": "rule", "area": "layout", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "none", "text": "No source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "production-format", "text": "Production formats, stated as publishing facts rather than compositional choices: pages are drawn oversize on B4 manuscript stock (257 x 364 mm) and reduced for print. Magazine serialisation is B5; the collected tankoubon is B6, 128 x 182 mm.", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "factory-v1:manga:S3", "factory-v1:manga:S4", "held:manga:5f77351e9b", "held:manga:8c06f45c95" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "unverified", "text": "Documented · Source not yet verified" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "tone-screened", "text": "Tone is a screened field with cut edges — a halftone structure specified by frequency and density — rather than an unscreened continuous ramp. Gradation tone, in which dot size varies across the sheet, belongs to the screened family.", "role": "rule", "area": "imagery", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:ddf914a148", "held:manga:8c06f45c95" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "unverified", "text": "Documented · Source not yet verified" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "scope": { "period": "temporal validity: bounded_unknown" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "tategaki-balloon-setting", "text": "Balloon text is set vertically and read right to left (tategaki).", "role": "rule", "area": "typography", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:c57055af4d" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "unverified", "text": "Documented · Source not yet verified" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "scope": { "script": "Jpan" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "line-art-substrate", "text": "Black line art of varying weight underneath everything. Tone and speed lines presuppose it.", "role": "rule", "area": "imagery", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "none", "text": "No source attached" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "motion-depicted", "text": "In the print serial there is no enacted motion. Motion is depicted — by speed lines, focus lines and panel sequence — never animated.", "role": "rule", "area": "motion", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "none", "text": "No source attached" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "drawn-onomatopoeia", "text": "Sound effects are drawn as part of the artwork rather than typeset — lettering shaped, scaled and placed as a picture element (kakimoji).", "role": "rule", "area": "typography", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:c57055af4d" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "unverified", "text": "Documented · Source not yet verified" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "graphic-vocabulary", "text": "A conventionalized graphic vocabulary carries emotion, motion and emphasis: standalone icons readable without context (manpu — sweat drops, vein marks, nose bubbles) and context-dependent effects that need the surrounding drawing to mean anything (speed lines, focus lines). Together these are keiyu, shape metaphors.", "role": "rule", "area": "motif", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "410YP6CQE1CCNT8H774ET5RPD5", "7ZHKX9NR9K5KZ0WVRPXGC7JRX0", "factory-v1:manga:S7" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "strength": [ { "signal": "necessary", "set_by": "synthesis", "label": { "text": "Necessary · our ranking" } } ], "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C4 g1rule" }, { "id": "intent", "text": "The page is a time-control device. Panel size, shape and sequence set the pace at which a reader moves, so composition is a matter of duration rather than of arrangement.", "role": "argument", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:14d63e33a6", "held:manga:c57055af4d" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "gestalt", "text": "A page divided into panels of deliberately unequal size and shape, read from the upper right leftward and then down, with tonal shading supplied by screentone, though seinen and gekiga use crosshatching freely alongside it, and motion rendered as directional speed lines. The diagnostic property is the combination of irregular panel proportion with right-to-left order: irregular panels alone occur throughout Western comics, and screentone alone is now a widely borrowed texture. Reading direction derives from tategaki, the traditional vertical Japanese writing order.", "role": "diagnostic", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "410YP6CQE1CCNT8H774ET5RPD5", "held:manga:628b448a98", "held:manga:14d63e33a6" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "intent-cost", "text": "Costs accepted: Layout portability across reading directions; Colour", "role": "argument", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:14d63e33a6", "held:manga:c57055af4d" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "intent-audience", "text": "Audience: A reader fluent in the right-to-left panel grammar.", "role": "argument", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "cited_unverified", "for": [ "held:manga:14d63e33a6", "held:manga:c57055af4d" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "gestalt-boundary", "text": "ONE LANGUAGE, SEVERAL DIALECTS. Cohn and Ehly categorised 73 conventionalized graphic schemas across twenty books and found that most recur in both shonen and shojo; what differs is the PROPORTION in which each is used. That is dialect variation inside one system, not separate languages, and it is why this record was not split. Shojo practice — traced to Makoto Takahashi in the 1950s and to magazine illustrators such as Jun'ichi Nakahara from the 1930s rather than to Tezuka alone — favours rounded shapes, soft lines, oversized eye schemas with stars or sparkles, and floral backgrounds carrying emotional salience. Shonen practice favours angular line and motion and zoom lines serving action. Seinen and gekiga suppress the exaggerated marks that shonen and shojo rely on. NONE of these is a canonical property of the language and none should be generalised from. MEDIUM IS NOT LANGUAGE: Cohn separates manga, a sociocultural artefact, from Japanese Visual Language, the drawing system, noting that not all manga is written in JVL and that JVL appears in contexts that are not manga. This record describes JVL as it stereotypically appears in manga; the node's name is looser than its content.", "role": "boundary", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "v1-distinguishing", "text": "Panels and reading order determine page structure", "role": "diagnostic", "area": null, "basis": "inherited", "support": { "state": "inherited", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "catalogue", "text": "From our catalogue entry" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "v1-era", "text": "Era: contemporary", "role": "context", "area": null, "basis": "inherited", "support": { "state": "inherited", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "catalogue", "text": "From our catalogue entry" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "v1-mood", "text": "Mood: dramatic, playful", "role": "context", "area": null, "basis": "inherited", "support": { "state": "inherited", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "catalogue", "text": "From our catalogue entry" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "v1-cross-library", "text": "Cross-library: Layout: panel systems · Imagery: character illustration", "role": "context", "area": null, "basis": "inherited", "support": { "state": "inherited", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "catalogue", "text": "From our catalogue entry" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "summary", "text": "Japanese serial comics grammar: right-to-left panels sized for pacing, monochrome line art, and tone sheets standing in for colour.", "role": "definition", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C1 prose" }, { "id": "entity-provenance", "text": "transmission: \"commercial\"; communities: [{\"name\":\"Japanese commercial comics publishing\",\"relationship\":\"originating\"}]", "role": "history", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": "D0-3 C6 meta" }, { "id": "dimension-ornament_density", "text": "ornament density: typical 1 (range 0–3); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-spatial_density", "text": "spatial density: typical 5 (range 3–6); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-chromatic_energy", "text": "chromatic energy: typical 0 (range 0–2); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-structural_regularity", "text": "structural regularity: typical 2 (range 1–4); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-typographic_dominance", "text": "typographic dominance: typical 2 (range 1–4); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-surface_depth", "text": "surface depth: typical 0 (range 0–1); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-tonal_contrast", "text": "tonal contrast: typical 6 (range 5–6); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-historical_distance", "text": "historical distance: typical 1 (range 0–3); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "dimension-tonal_key", "text": "tonal key: typical 2 (range 1–3); editorial_seed, n = 0", "role": "rule", "area": null, "basis": "synthesis", "support": { "state": "none", "for": [], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "reading", "text": "Our reading" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:hierarchy-1", "text": "Differences in panel size, panel shape and panel changes create contrast, compression and release, which Natsume treats as where manga becomes interesting.", "role": "rule", "area": "hierarchy", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "practitioner and editorial sources plus Natsume's theory" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:hierarchy-3", "text": "A relatively large square panel makes the reader's eye halt, and contrasts in panel size and shape create compression and release.", "role": "rule", "area": "hierarchy", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "Natsume on Ishinomori, 1960s" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:hierarchy-5", "text": "Hierarchy works at the panel, page and two-page-spread levels.", "role": "rule", "area": "hierarchy", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:density-1", "text": "Pages are commonly built in two to three tiers, with at most about six or seven panels before a page becomes cluttered.", "role": "rule", "area": "density", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S6" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "one shōjo practitioner's teaching on a submission portal; a rule of thumb, not a publisher standard" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:density-2", "text": "Compression and release are calculated per page and per two-page spread, and readers today are expected to read highly dense works easily.", "role": "context", "area": "density", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:density-3", "text": "Conventional graphic signs appear at about 1.5 per panel where present, similar in shōnen and shōjo.", "role": "context", "area": "density", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S3" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "20 books, 1997–2012" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:density-4", "text": "The serial carrier is dense itself: anthology magazines of hundreds of pages printed on cheap newsprint.", "role": "context", "area": "density", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S12" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "encyclopedia support" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:technique-1", "text": "The analogue method is pencil then pen-and-ink on manuscript paper, with screentone applied: pens, ink and manuscript paper are the base materials.", "role": "rule", "area": "technique", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S9" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "analogue production" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:technique-2", "text": "In the conventional process, screentone patterns are transferred to the drawing from preprinted sheets.", "role": "rule", "area": "technique", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S18" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:technique-3", "text": "Screentone came into use in manga backgrounds from the 1950s.", "role": "context", "area": "technique", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S5" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "lower temporal edge for tone-screened; the second clause is encyclopedia-only and flagged as poorly sourced there" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:technique-4", "text": "Professional manuscript paper is B4 (257 × 364 mm) with non-reproducing light-blue guides.", "role": "context", "area": "technique", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S9", "kcc-manga-S5" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "scope": { "practice": "retailer blog corroborated by the Meiji exhibition's IC B4 'professional/submission' paper" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:technique-5", "text": "Major publishers' manga awards accept digital submissions (PDF, JPG/PNG, Clip Studio).", "role": "context", "area": "technique", "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S13", "kcc-manga-S14" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "seen", "text": "Seen in the work" }, "scope": { "practice": "present day" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:scope", "text": "The page grammar of Japanese commercial story manga published as print serials (magazine anthologies, then collected tankōbon): Japanese Visual Language as it appears in manga, with dialects developing since Tezuka, panel techniques pioneered in the 1960s and screentone used from the 1950s. Pre-war cartoon magazines such as Tokyo Puck (colour-illustrated, read in columns) are precursors rather than instances. 'Post-war', 'monochrome' and the exclusion of vertical-scroll colour formats are Aesthetary's boundary.", "role": "boundary", "area": null, "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S2", "kcc-manga-S1", "kcc-manga-S5", "kcc-manga-S12", "kcc-manga-S11", "kcc-manga-S10", "kcc-manga-S3" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:boundary-1", "text": "Not Japanese Visual Language (outside manga): JVL is the drawing system and also appears outside manga; manga is the sociocultural artefact. This record is the manga-borne use of JVL.", "role": "boundary", "area": null, "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S3" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:boundary-2", "text": "Not Pre-war Japanese cartoon magazines (Tokyo Puck): Colour-illustrated satirical magazine read in columns (down, then left), before the 1960s panel organisation Natsume describes.", "role": "boundary", "area": null, "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S11", "kcc-manga-S10", "kcc-manga-S1" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null }, { "id": "kcc:boundary-3", "text": "Not Ukiyo-e / Hokusai manga: Structurally unlike the modern JVL dialects despite sharing the word.", "role": "boundary", "area": null, "basis": "documentary", "support": { "state": "cited", "for": [ "kcc-manga-S2" ], "against": [], "contested": false }, "label": { "kind": "documented", "mark": "attached", "text": "Documented · Source attached" }, "derives_from": [], "ruling": null } ], "web_translations": [ { "id": "no-screen-lpi", "text": "DO NOT specify a screentone LPI value for screen output.", "target": null, "area": "imagery", "label": { "kind": "translation", "text": "Web translation" }, "derives_from": [ "area:imagery" ] }, { "id": "transfer-1", "text": "Tone as CSS or SVG pattern fills that scale, never as a raster at a fixed frequency. SURVIVAL CLAIM REMOVED: this note previously stated that right-to-left panel and balloon order SURVIVES print to screen_web without qualification. It survives a PAGED screen transfer and does not survive continuous vertical scroll, and TargetMedium has no value for continuous scroll, so the claim cannot be stated truthfully at the granularity the vocabulary allows. It is withdrawn rather than narrowed to something the schema cannot express. See review-queue key target-medium-continuous-scroll.", "target": null, "area": null, "label": { "kind": "translation", "text": "Web translation" }, "derives_from": [ "tone-screened", "no-screen-lpi" ] } ], "standard_practice": [], "sources": [ { "id": "1KJCJMFFWQWVZSTZPZMD9XEWFS", "kind": "source", "title": "Glimpses from the Vault: The Tokyo Puck (Tōkyō pakku) Originals and Reprints", "url": "https://library.osu.edu/site/manga/2024/02/07/glimpses-from-the-vault-the-tokyo-puck-tokyo-pakku-originals-and-reprints/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "5SCDKXWAE1DRX5EXKHZ864D1A1", "kind": "source", "title": "Tokyo Puck", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Puck", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "74ZR7EV0MZN5RHD5PPFVZ5WK3P", "kind": "work", "title": "Tokyo Puck (東京パック), Volume 2, Number 11", "url": "https://library.osu.edu/site/manga/2024/02/07/glimpses-from-the-vault-the-tokyo-puck-tokyo-pakku-originals-and-reprints/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "unknown" }, { "id": "1JGBMJQM3R0PG5SZ6GTNDWV5RR", "kind": "source", "title": "Japanese Visual Language: The Structure of Manga", "url": "https://www.visuallanguagelab.com/P/japanese_vl.pdf", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "410YP6CQE1CCNT8H774ET5RPD5", "kind": "source", "title": "The vocabulary of manga: Visual morphology in dialects of Japanese Visual Language", "url": "https://www.visuallanguagelab.com/P/NCSE_mangamorphology.pdf", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "7ZHKX9NR9K5KZ0WVRPXGC7JRX0", "kind": "source", "title": "\"Shape Metaphors\" at a Glance!: An Illustrated Guide to Understanding 120 Keiyu in Manga, by Takekuma Kentarô", "url": "https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol24/iss3/curtin.html", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S1", "kind": "source", "title": "ジャンプの漫画学校 講義録③ 基礎編③漫画の「絵・コマ割り」について（齊藤優・週刊少年ジャンプ副編集長）", "url": "https://jump-manga-school.hatenablog.com/entry/03", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S2", "kind": "source", "title": "古舘春一インタビュー第5回「コマ割りは、大きいのも小さいのも限界を探すところから」", "url": "https://www.jump-mangasho.com/interview/furudate-sensei-vol5/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S3", "kind": "source", "title": "ウルトラジャンプ新人漫画賞 応募規定", "url": "https://ultra.shueisha.co.jp/mangaaward/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S4", "kind": "source", "title": "JUMP新世界漫画賞 応募規定", "url": "https://www.jump-mangasho.com/award/shinsekai/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S5", "kind": "source", "title": "The Functions of Panels (koma) in Manga: An essay by Natsume Fusanosuke", "url": "https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol21/iss2/holt_fukuda.html", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S7", "kind": "source", "title": "The vocabulary of manga: Visual morphology in dialects of Japanese Visual Language", "url": null, "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "factory-v1:manga:S13", "kind": "source", "title": "少女漫画家の慎本真先生によるマンガのコマ割り講座", "url": "https://mannavi.net/16399/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "held:manga:628b448a98", "kind": "source", "title": "https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=1312362&p=9649405", "url": "https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=1312362&p=9649405", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "held:manga:14d63e33a6", "kind": "source", "title": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.19141", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.19141", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "held:manga:c57055af4d", "kind": "source", "title": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.05490", "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.05490", "status": "unresolved", "retrieval": "unknown" }, { "id": "held:manga:5f77351e9b", "kind": "source", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "held:manga:8c06f45c95", "kind": "source", "title": "https://halftonehospital.gumroad.com/l/comicpagetemplates", "url": "https://halftonehospital.gumroad.com/l/comicpagetemplates", "status": "unresolved", "retrieval": "unknown" }, { "id": "held:manga:ddf914a148", "kind": "source", "title": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentone", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S1", "kind": "source", "title": "The Functions of Panels (koma) in Manga: An essay by Natsume Fusanosuke (trans. Holt and Fukuda)", "url": "https://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjs/vol21/iss2/holt_fukuda.html", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S10", "kind": "source", "title": "Glimpses from the Vault: The Tokyo Puck (Tōkyō pakku) Originals and Reprints", "url": "https://library.osu.edu/site/manga/2024/02/07/glimpses-from-the-vault-the-tokyo-puck-tokyo-pakku-originals-and-reprints/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S11", "kind": "source", "title": "Tokyo Puck", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Puck", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S12", "kind": "source", "title": "Tankōbon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S13", "kind": "source", "title": "ウルトラジャンプ新人漫画賞", "url": "https://ultra.shueisha.co.jp/mangaaward/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S14", "kind": "source", "title": "JUMP新世界漫画賞", "url": "https://www.jump-mangasho.com/award/shinsekai/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S18", "kind": "source", "title": "Screentone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screentone", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S2", "kind": "source", "title": "Japanese Visual Language: The Structure of Manga", "url": "https://www.visuallanguagelab.com/P/japanese_vl.pdf", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S3", "kind": "source", "title": "The vocabulary of manga: Visual morphology in dialects of Japanese Visual Language", "url": "https://www.visuallanguagelab.com/P/NCSE_mangamorphology.pdf", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S5", "kind": "source", "title": "アーカイブ マンガの画材〈アイシースクリーン〉展 －マンガ表現の相棒としての50年－", "url": "https://www.meiji.ac.jp/manga/yonezawa_lib/archives/exh-ic/exh-ic_archive.html", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S6", "kind": "source", "title": "少女漫画家の慎本真先生によるマンガのコマ割り講座", "url": "https://mannavi.net/16399/", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" }, { "id": "kcc-manga-S9", "kind": "source", "title": "Manga genkou youshi 漫画原稿用紙 — Manga drawing paper", "url": "https://b4comics.com/en-us/blogs/news/manga-genkou-youshi-manga-drawing-paper", "status": "verified", "retrieval": "retrieved" } ], "relations": [ { "slug": "arcade", "kind": "confused_with", "status": "proposed" }, { "slug": "pop-art", "kind": "confused_with", "status": "proposed" }, { "slug": "panel-sequence", "kind": "uses_module", "status": "confirmed" }, { "slug": "screentone", "kind": "uses_module", "status": "confirmed" }, { "slug": "speed-lines", "kind": "uses_module", "status": "confirmed" } ], "open": [ { "state": "withheld" }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[form_module] A1: this language is native to substrate \"paper\". Author a form module (substrate + transfer_note), or set depth_policy influence_only." }, { "state": "withheld" }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[architecture_question] A4, INDEPENDENTLY REPRODUCED, AND WORSE THAN IN SWISS. Manga claims live at panel, balloon and glyph level, which is exactly the granularity Capture/Region would serve. Every work that could evidence them is in copyright: Japan's term is life+70 since 30 December 2018 and is not retroactive, so the public-domain boundary is death in 1968 or earlier, while screentone reached manga after Letratone in 1966. The rights-clear material and the claim-bearing material DO NOT OVERLAP. Swiss showed this was possible; Manga shows it is the general case for any rights-restricted visual language whose claims are local. NOT SOLVED in this pass, by instruction." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[architecture_question] REPRESENTATIONAL FAILURE, with a concrete case. Tokyo Puck (1906) is public domain in Japan and the United States, and Rights.licence cannot say so: the Licence enum offers owned, cc0, cc_by, cc_by_sa, permission_granted, fair_use_claimed, rights_reserved, unknown. cc0 is a voluntary dedication and not the same thing as expiry; rights_reserved is false; unknown is false because the status IS known. Recorded \"unknown\" with the determination written into the work note, following the Swiss TypeClass precedent of leaving the structured field least-wrong rather than asserting something false. SourceLicence already HAS public_domain, so the two vocabularies disagree with each other. MINIMUM AMENDMENT, PROPOSED NOT IMPLEMENTED: add public_domain to Licence." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[architecture_question] REPRESENTATIONAL FAILURE, with a concrete case. Japanese vertical-scroll publishing (tatesuku) is full-colour, non-right-to-left and scroll-paced. Manga's transfer note previously claimed right-to-left panel and balloon order SURVIVES print to screen_web without qualification; it survives a PAGED screen transfer and does not survive continuous scroll. TargetMedium offers screen_web, screen_app, print, presentation, packaging, environmental — none distinguishes paged from continuous. The survival claim was WITHDRAWN rather than narrowed to something the vocabulary cannot express. NOT AMENDED: the brief was explicit that TargetMedium must not be widened merely to finish Manga." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[architecture_question] Tokyo Puck is entered as editorial_spread, following the Swiss precedent for Neue Grafik, because WorkType offers no value for a comic page, a magazine issue, a chapter or a series. Related and larger: Work has no part/whole relation, so a manga page, the chapter containing it and the volume collecting it cannot be related. That is the seriality gap PROJECT-STATE predicted would be the most likely place the architecture breaks, and with zero exemplar works ingested it was NOT reached in this pass. It will be reached by the first rights-cleared manga work." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] The claim that colour pages occur in commercial serials and mark editorial priority is the basis for demoting monochrome from canonical_constraint to historical_practice. It is trivially verifiable from artefacts and was NOT established from a source opened in this pass — the available material was low-tier SEO content and was refused. The demotion stands on the logic (a production constraint is not a compositional one) and the counter-example work; the FREQUENCY claim needs a publisher or trade source before it is stated as fact." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] The asymmetry claim — row gaps larger than intra-row gaps, enforcing row-first reading — came from practitioner tutorial sites, not from a verified publisher standard or an academic treatment. The direction of the asymmetry is consistent across every account seen and is mechanically necessary for the reading order, which is why it was kept while the absolute measurements were removed. Confirm against a publisher manuscript specification (Shueisha or Kodansha) or against Natsume's panel analysis before any number is restated." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] The Agency for Cultural Affairs Media Arts Database (mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp), the single most important bibliographic catalogue for manga, returned an EXPIRED TLS CERTIFICATE. No bypass was attempted. This is the same failure mode as designhistory.org during Swiss, and it is the reason Manga has no institutional bibliographic source. Operations moved to the National Art Research Center in April 2023 and a second host (mediaarts-db.artmuseums.go.jp) exists; a human should open one of them." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] UNRESOLVED BY DESIGN. Cohn separates manga, a sociocultural artefact, from Japanese Visual Language, the drawing system: \"not all manga are written in JVL, nor are all books written in Japanese\", and \"JVL appears in many contexts that are not manga\". This record is a VisualLanguage named Manga, so its name is looser than its content. NOT SPLIT and NOT RENAMED: the evidence supports one system with dialects, and renaming is an ontology decision rather than an ingestion one. Recorded in gestalt.boundary_notes." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] Natsume Fusanosuke, Manga no yomikata (Takarajimasha, 1995, collaborative) and Manga wa naze omoshiroi no ka (1997) — the koma analysis that would settle the panel-size-pacing and gutter claims at source. Ito Go, Tezuka izu deddo (NTT Shuppan, 2005, ISBN 4-7571-4129-7, confirmed at NDL) — the kyara/character distinction. Takekuma's keiyu guide is reachable only through the ejcjs translation used here. ALL ARE PRINT AND IN JAPANESE. This is the highest-value research queue this page has, and it is the direct analogue of the Swiss primary-practitioner queue." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] V2.6 TEMPORAL GAP, RECORDED RATHER THAN GUESSED. The tone-screened rule is now marked bounded_unknown: established as NOT timeless, with neither edge researched. Screentone is a manufactured adhesive product, and this corpus holds Tokyo Puck (1906) which predates every screentone product, so a timeless statement is false of the language's own history. What is NOT established is when manga adopted it. Wikipedia gives product introductions (Zip-A-Tone 1937, Chart-Pak 1949, Letratone 1966) but is self-declared single-source and silent on manga; it cites Sharon Kinsella, Adult Manga (2000) p.59, which was NOT opened. Kinsella is the lead to follow. Until then no year may be written into the record." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] v1.1 set cultural_flag true and never recorded why. cultural_review_state remains unreviewed and there is no Advisory record. This pass did NOT resolve it: nothing in the verified sources speaks to what the flag was for, and inventing a rationale would be worse than leaving it open. Candidate concerns a reviewer would actually have to weigh: whether a non-Japanese implementation should adopt right-to-left panel order at all, and whether the drawn-onomatopoeia convention carries when the onomatopoeic vocabulary does not." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "[research_question] Unchanged by this pass and now more sharply bounded. The A2 split separates what does NOT carry to Latin script (vertical tategaki balloon setting) from what DOES (drawn onomatopoeia, panel progression, the graphic vocabulary). So the open question is narrower than it was: what replaces VERTICAL BALLOON SETTING specifically, in a Latin-script implementation. No substitute has been researched and an agent must not invent one." }, { "kind": "open_question", "question": "Module gap: An imagery module for the character-drawing conventions of the tradition." }, { "kind": "missing_research", "question": "Do colour pages in commercial serials mark editorial priority (review-queue-130)?" }, { "kind": "missing_research", "question": "Is there a publisher standard for gutter widths (review-queue-131)?" }, { "kind": "missing_research", "question": "When did digital tone replace sheet screentone (upper edge, review-queue-135)?" }, { "kind": "missing_research", "question": "What replaces vertical balloon setting in Latin-script work (review-queue-137)?" }, { "kind": "missing_research", "question": "Magazine serialisation page size (B5) in production-format" } ], "aesthetary_build": { "note": "Values Aesthetary built with. Not claims about the Aesthetic.", "measured": { "note": "Read from the page's own stylesheet at build time. Values Aesthetary built with, not claims about the Aesthetic.", "slug": "manga", "stylesheet": "manga.css", "bytes": 13497, "colours": [ "#F6F3EC", "#D8D4CA", "#C22D41", "#4A4640", "#111111", "#B9B4A8", "#8D8A84", "#FFFFFF" ], "radii": [ "26px" ], "fontSizes": [ "12px", "14px", "15px", "16px" ], "faces": [ "MgArchivo", "Hiragino Sans", "Noto Sans JP" ], "tokens": [ { "name": "--mg-ink", "value": "#111111" }, { "name": "--mg-ink2", "value": "#4A4640" }, { "name": "--mg-paper", "value": "#F6F3EC" }, { "name": "--mg-mat", "value": "#D8D4CA" }, { "name": "--mg-spot", "value": "#C22D41" }, { "name": "--mg-gut", "value": "10px" }, { "name": "--mg-row", "value": "26px" }, { "name": "--mg-face", "value": "\"MgArchivo\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif" } ], "animates": false, "absent": [ "no text-shadow anywhere", "nothing animates" ] }, "design_grammar": { "note": "Aesthetary's translation of this record into web primitives. Every value carries a basis: \"record\" is a rule the record holds (cites names it), \"translation\" is our choice derived from the cited rules (because says how), \"not_recorded\" means the record is silent (guidance says what to do). A \"record\" value restates a claim the record holds; its standing is that claim's own kind in the record (a requirement, period practice, modern practice, or our interpretation), which the cited rule states. \"record\" does not by itself make a value a property of the language.", "slug": "manga", "version": "2026-09-26", "summary": "A starting grammar for a website in Manga: panels that set the pace, ink and tone instead of colour, lettering instead of type, and motion that is drawn rather than animated.", "color": { "roles": [ { "role": "paper", "value": "#F4F1EA", "use": "The page: off-white stock.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:monochrome-default" ] }, { "role": "ink", "value": "#111111", "contrast": "16.7:1", "use": "Line art, lettering, solid blacks.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:monochrome-default", "token_rule:line-art-substrate" ] }, { "role": "tone", "value": "#111111 at 18% coverage", "use": "Screened fields that stand in for colour. A pattern, never a flat grey.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:tone-screened" ] } ], "alternates": [], "rules": [ { "rule": "Use black ink on off-white paper; tone does the work of colour.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:monochrome-default" ] }, { "rule": "Colour is allowed, used rarely and on purpose, the way colour pages mark priority.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "slot_posture:color" ], "because": "Our reading of the record's position on colour, applied to a web page; the position is not itself a rule." }, { "rule": "The sources specify no colour palette.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [], "guidance": "If a page needs colour, use it for one priority moment and do not claim a manga palette.", "silence": "source" } ] }, "typography": { "family": { "stack": "\"Hiragino Mincho ProN\", \"Yu Mincho\", \"Noto Serif JP\", serif", "class": "not specified by the sources (the record governs how balloon text is set and that sound effects are drawn, not which face)" }, "roles": [ { "role": "balloon", "size": "1rem", "weight": 400, "lineHeight": "1.6", "case": null, "tracking": null, "measure": null, "setting": "vertical, right to left (tategaki), for Japanese text", "use": "Dialogue inside balloons." }, { "role": "caption", "size": "0.875rem", "weight": 700, "lineHeight": "1.4", "case": null, "tracking": null, "measure": null, "use": "Narration boxes, labels, page counts." } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Set Japanese balloon text vertically, reading right to left (writing-mode: vertical-rl).", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:tategaki-balloon-setting" ] }, { "rule": "Draw sound effects as artwork (SVG shapes placed in the picture), never as live text in a font.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:drawn-onomatopoeia" ] }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify a setting for Latin-script text.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [], "guidance": "Set Latin text horizontally. Do not rotate English to imitate tategaki.", "silence": "source" }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify a balloon typeface.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [], "guidance": "The system Mincho stack here is a placeholder; any face is a decision to state, not a manga rule.", "silence": "source" } ] }, "gridLayout": { "summary": "Panels, not columns: the page is divided into panels of unequal size and shape, read right to left and top to bottom. Space between rows is larger than space between panels.", "tokens": { "row-gap": "1.25rem", "panel-gap": "0.5rem" }, "rules": [ { "rule": "Vary panel size on purpose: a wide panel slows the reader, a narrow one speeds them up.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-size-pacing" ] }, { "rule": "Set row-gap larger than column-gap (1.25rem against 0.5rem here) so the eye finishes a row first.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:gutter-asymmetry" ] }, { "rule": "Order panels right to left, top to bottom; never mirror an existing sequence.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-progression" ] }, { "rule": "Build pages with CSS Grid and explicit panel areas, not an equal column grid.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-size-pacing", "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "because": "Panel size is the pacing instrument, and it survives the move to screen." }, { "rule": "Print trim (B5, B6) is not a screen format.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [ "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "guidance": "Do not force a 1:1.42 page on screen; the record lists the trim as not surviving the transfer.", "silence": "source" } ] }, "shapeGeometry": { "tokens": { "line-heavy": "3px", "line-light": "1px", "radius": "0" }, "rules": [ { "rule": "Draw every boundary as black line art of varying weight (1px to 3px here), never as a tinted box.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:line-art-substrate" ] }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify corner radius or panel shape.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [], "guidance": "Square panels are a starting point; draw slanted or broken panels where the pacing needs them.", "silence": "source" } ] }, "imagery": { "rules": [ { "rule": "Shade with screened fields (dot or line patterns with cut edges), never a smooth gradient.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:tone-screened" ] }, { "rule": "Do not fix a screen frequency for tone; define it as a pattern that scales.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:no-screen-lpi", "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "because": "Moving the screentone rule to screen, as the record's own note on moving it to screen directs." }, { "rule": "Speed lines and screentone are the image techniques this language is built on.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "module_edge:5Q3WEEX89Y65730FFF4EMGVJ2B", "module_edge:69AEB3A54D74C30QXKBGRCRDWH" ], "because": "Both are Elements this Aesthetic is linked to in our catalogue; the link is not itself a rule." } ] }, "components": { "button": { "name": "Button", "becomes": "A small panel: a drawn black border on paper that fills with tone when pressed.", "anatomy": [ "2px ink border (a drawn line)", "label in the caption face", "no fill until interaction" ], "tokens": { "border": "2px solid ink", "background": "paper", "hover": "light tone", "active": "dark tone", "radius": "0" }, "states": { "default": "Paper field, 2px ink line.", "hover": "Light screentone fills the panel. The swap is instant.", "focus": "The line thickens to 4px and a 2px outline sits outside it.", "active": "Dark tone fills the panel.", "disabled": "1px line, label in grey tone, no fill." }, "accessibility": [ "Label stays on a solid paper patch above the tone, so contrast never depends on the pattern.", "At least 44 × 44px." ], "values": [ { "rule": "Draw the button as a panel: an ink line on paper.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:line-art-substrate" ], "because": "Line art is the substrate everything sits on." }, { "rule": "Show hover and press with tone, not colour or movement.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:tone-screened", "token_rule:monochrome-default", "token_rule:motion-depicted" ], "because": "Tone stands in for colour, and motion is depicted rather than enacted." } ] }, "card": { "name": "Card", "becomes": "A panel whose size is an instruction: the card that matters most takes the widest panel, and the reader slows there.", "anatomy": [ "ink border", "optional toned image area", "caption box with title and one line" ], "tokens": { "border": "2px solid ink", "rowGap": "1.25rem", "panelGap": "0.5rem" }, "states": { "default": "Ink border on paper.", "hover": "Border thickens to 4px.", "focus": "2px outline outside the border." }, "accessibility": [ "The whole panel is one link.", "Order in the DOM matches the right-to-left reading order." ], "values": [ { "rule": "Give cards deliberately unequal sizes; the size says how long to stay.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-size-pacing" ], "because": "The record rules print panels of deliberately unequal size, with size controlling pacing; cards carry that into a grid." }, { "rule": "Leave more space between rows of cards than between cards in a row.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:gutter-asymmetry" ], "because": "The record rules print gutters wider between rows than between panels in a row; cards carry that into a grid." } ] }, "input": { "name": "Input", "becomes": "A narration box: a ruled rectangle on paper with its label lettered above it.", "anatomy": [ "2px ink border", "paper field", "label above in the caption face", "error as a lettered line below" ], "tokens": { "border": "2px solid ink", "radius": "0", "height": "3rem" }, "states": { "default": "2px ink line.", "focus": "4px ink line and outline.", "error": "Dark tone behind the message, which begins \"Error:\".", "disabled": "1px line on light tone." }, "accessibility": [ "The label is real text above the field, never inside it.", "Error text sits on paper, not on tone." ], "values": [ { "rule": "Rule the field with an ink line, like a caption box.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:line-art-substrate" ], "because": "Line art underneath everything." }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify a speech-balloon input.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [], "guidance": "Balloons in the record hold dialogue; do not shape form fields as balloons and call it manga.", "silence": "source" } ] }, "navigation": { "name": "Navigation", "becomes": "Page turns in the reading direction: \"next\" sits on the left, and the sequence is never mirrored.", "anatomy": [ "previous and next as page-turn controls", "next on the left, previous on the right", "page count between them" ], "tokens": { "direction": "rtl", "border": "2px solid ink" }, "states": { "default": "Two ruled panels with the page count between them.", "hover": "Light tone fills the control.", "focus": "4px line and outline.", "current": "The page count, lettered in bold." }, "accessibility": [ "Controls are labelled \"Next page\" and \"Previous page\", not by arrow direction.", "dir=\"rtl\" on the reader so assistive technology follows the order." ], "values": [ { "rule": "Put \"next\" on the left: page turns follow the right-to-left binding.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-progression", "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "because": "The record fixes panel, balloon and page-turn order to the right-to-left binding in print; a paged reader keeps that order on screen." }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify right-to-left order on a continuously scrolling page.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [ "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "guidance": "Use it inside a paged reader. For a scrolling layout the record withdrew its claim; decide and say so.", "silence": "source" } ] } }, "motion": { "spec": null, "rules": [ { "rule": "Do not animate. Show motion with speed lines, focus lines and panel sequence.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:motion-depicted", "slot_posture:motion" ], "because": "The record rules that the print serial depicts motion and never enacts it; screen motion is outside the language, so this grammar chooses none." }, { "rule": "Interface state changes are instant swaps of line weight or tone.", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "token_rule:motion-depicted", "slot_posture:motion" ], "because": "Motion is depicted, never enacted; a transition would enact it." } ] }, "dimensions": [ { "key": "tone", "label": "Tone", "summary": "Screentone: the grey of manga is a pattern. Tone is built as a scalable fill with a hard edge, in two densities.", "tokens": { "tone-light": "radial-gradient(#111 22%, transparent 24%) 0 0 / 6px 6px", "tone-dark": "radial-gradient(#111 40%, transparent 42%) 0 0 / 5px 5px" }, "values": [ { "rule": "Fill toned areas with a screened pattern that stops at a cut edge.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:tone-screened" ] }, { "rule": "Size the pattern in CSS so it scales with zoom (6px and 5px cells here).", "basis": "translation", "cites": [ "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web", "token_rule:no-screen-lpi" ], "because": "Tone as CSS or SVG pattern fills that scale, never a raster at a fixed frequency." } ] }, { "key": "reading", "label": "Reading order", "summary": "The binding sets the order, and nothing may reverse it: panels, balloons and page turns all run right to left.", "tokens": { "direction": "rtl" }, "values": [ { "rule": "Run panels, balloons and page turns right to left, top to bottom.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:panel-progression" ] }, { "rule": "The sources do not specify order in a continuously scrolling layout.", "basis": "not_recorded", "cites": [ "transfer_note:print_serial->screen_web" ], "guidance": "The record withdrew its claim for scroll. State the order you chose.", "silence": "source" } ] }, { "key": "vocabulary", "label": "Graphic vocabulary", "summary": "A closed set of marks with fixed meanings: speed and focus lines, sweat drops, vein marks.", "values": [ { "rule": "Use the conventional marks (speed lines, focus lines, sweat drops, vein marks) with their fixed meanings; do not invent new ones.", "basis": "record", "cites": [ "token_rule:graphic-vocabulary" ] } ] } ], "notRecorded": [ { "category": "color", "what": "A colour palette", "why": "The record holds ink, paper and tone. Colour is allowed, but the sources specify no palette." }, { "category": "typography", "what": "A typeface, and any setting for Latin text", "why": "The record governs balloon setting and drawn sound effects only." }, { "category": "shapeGeometry", "what": "Corner radius and panel shape", "why": "Not specified by the source; panel shape follows pacing." }, { "category": "components", "what": "Any manga position on interface", "why": "The interface slot is unknown. All four components are contemporary translations of documented rules." }, { "category": "motion", "what": "Any manga position on screen motion", "why": "The record rules print, where motion is depicted and never enacted. Motion on screen is outside the language; choosing none is this grammar’s translation." }, { "category": "dimension.reading", "what": "Right-to-left order on continuous scroll", "why": "The record withdrew this claim rather than narrowing it." } ], "silence": { "color": "source", "typography": "source", "gridLayout": "source", "shapeGeometry": "source", "imagery": "source", "components": "source", "motion": "source" }, "uiNote": "The sources do not specify interface conventions for Manga. These four are contemporary translations of its visual rules." } } }